Chapter 32 Notes: The Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Title: Chapter 32 Notes: The Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems


1
Chapter 32 Notes The Integumentary, Skeletal,
and Muscular Systems
2
The Integumentary System
  • The integumentary system is the system of organs
    in the body that covers and protects the body.
  • The main organ of this system is the skin.
  • Skin is composed of four different types of
    tissues.
  • Those four different types of tissues are the
    epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle
    tissue and the nerve tissue.

3
Structure of the Skin
4
The Structure of the Skin
  • The upper most layer of the skin is called the
    epidermis.
  • The epidermis is a layer of cells about 10 to 30
    cells thick that is made up of epithelial cells.
  • The epidermis is about as thin as paper.
  • The cells of the epidermis contain a protein
    substance called keratin, which waterproofs and
    protects the cells and tissues below it.

5
The Epidermis
6
The Epidermis
  • The very top layer of cells of the epidermis are
    constantly being shed.
  • In fact, a large portion of the dust in your
    house consists of dead skin cells from the
    epidermis.
  • An entire layer of skin cells can be lost each
    month.
  • The inner layer of epidermis contains cells that
    are continually dividing by mitosis.

7
The Epidermis
  • Cells that are found in the inner layer of the
    epidermis called melanocytes contain a protective
    pigment called melanin.
  • Melanin is a pigment that absorbs (UV)
    ultraviolet radiation. The amount of melanin in
    a persons skin determines the color of the skin.
  • Skin color is primarily determined by genes, but
    it can also be produced in response to bright
    sunlight when a person gets a suntan.

8
Melanin
9
Structure of the Skin
  • Below the epidermis is another layer of skin
    called the dermis.
  • The dermis is about 15 40 times thicker than
    the epidermis.
  • The dermis consists mostly of connective tissue.
    The function of this connective tissue is to
    prevent the skin from tearing, and it makes the
    skin more elastic.
  • Within the dermis there is also nerves, muscles,
    glands, and hair follicles.

10
Structure of the Skin
  • Below the dermis is the subcutaneous layer.
  • The subcutaneous layer is also a layer of
    connective tissue that stores fat and insulates
    the body.
  • Hair, fingernails and toenails are also part of
    the integumentary system that are made of keratin.

11
Structure of the Skin
  • Hair cells grow out of narrow cavities in the
    dermis called hair follicles.
  • Most hair follicles have sebaceous glands or oil
    glands associated with them.
  • Sebaceous glands lubricate the skin and hair.
  • When the sebaceous glands and hair follicles get
    blocked, acne occurs.

12
Hair Follicles and Sebaceous Glands
13
Functions of the Integumentary System
  • Temperature regulation insulating fat, arrector
    pili muscles, and sweat glands are just some of
    the ways that skin can regulate body temp. Blood
    vessels can also constrict and dilate to regulate
    body temp.
  • Vitamin production skin responds to sunlight by
    producing vitamin D. Vitamin D increases
    absorption of calcium into the bloodstream for
    bone growth.
  • Protection first line of defense against
    disease and foreign substances. Prevents water
    loss.

14
Damage to the Skin
  • Cuts and scrapes in minor cuts and scrapes only
    the epidermis is affected. When deep cuts
    occurs, blood clots must form a scab and white
    blood cells remove bacteria from the wound.
  • Burns burns can be minor (first degree) and
    redness and swelling may occur, or severe (second
    and third degree) and blisters or loss of skin
    function may occur.

15
Damage to the Skin
  • Skin Cancer too much exposure to the sun or
    tanning beds is believed to cause skin cancer.
  • Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in
    the United States.
  • There are two types of skin cancer melanoma and
    nonmelanoma. Melanoma begins in the melanocytes
    in the epidermis.
  • Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer.
  • 1 person dies every hour from melanoma in the U.S.

16
The Muscular System
  • The human body has three different muscle
    tissues smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscles.
  • Smooth muscle involuntary (cannot be
    consciously controlled) muscles that control
    organs like the stomach and intestines. Not
    striped or striated.
  • Cardiac muscle involuntary muscle that controls
    the heart. Less nuclei connected by gap
    junctions.
  • The main structural difference between smooth and
    cardiac muscle is that cardiac muscle has
    striations and smooth muscle does not.

17
The Muscular System
  • Most muscles of the body are skeletal muscles.
  • Skeletal muscles voluntary (can be consciously
    controlled) muscles that are attached to bones by
    tendons. Muscles striated and contain many
    nuclei.
  • Skeletal muscles are responsible for movement.
  • Tendons tough bands of connective tissue that
    connect skeletal muscles to bones.
  • Skeletal muscles are striated like cardiac
    muscles.

18
Muscle Types
19
Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function
  • Most muscles are arranged in opposing, or
    antagonistic pairs.
  • A good example of this is your biceps and
    triceps. They work against each other.
  • Skeletal muscles are arranged into fibers.
  • Each fiber is arranged into smaller strands
    called myofibrils.
  • Myofibrils are made up of small protein filaments
    called myosin and actin.

20
Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function
  • The myofibrils are arranged into different
    sections called sarcomeres.
  • A sarcomere is the part of the muscle that
    contracts.
  • The striations of skeletal muscles are the result
    of sarcomeres.
  • When a nerve impulse is sent to a muscle, the
    actin filaments slide toward the myosin filaments
    in the center of the sarcomere.

21
Skeletal Muscle Contraction
22
Are you a long distance runner or a sprinter?
  • Believe it or not, this probably has more to do
    with genetics than you may think.
  • Slow-twitch muscles more endurance, resists
    fatigue, more mitochondria, more myoglobin which
    means more oxygen, darker colored.
  • Fast-twitch muscles rapid burst of speed, more
    strength, muscles fatigues easily, less
    mitochondria available, less myoglobin which
    means less oxygen, more lactic acid, lighter
    colored, increased number of myofibrils,
    increased muscle size and diameter.

23
The Structure of the Skeletal System
  • The human body has 206 bones.
  • The human skeleton is divided into two different
    divisions the axial skeleton and the
    appendicular skeleton.
  • The axial skeleton includes the skull, the
    vertebral column, the ribs, and the sternum.
  • The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of
    the shoulders, arms, hands, legs, and feet.

24
The Axial and Appendicular Skeleton
25
The Structure of Bone
  • There are two types of bone tissue compact bone
    and spongy bone.
  • Compact bone is dense and strong, and it provides
    strength and protection.
  • The outer layer of all bones are composed of
    compact bone.
  • Spongy bone is less dense, has many cavities that
    contain bone marrow, and is usually found in the
    center or the end of bones.

26
Compact and Spongy Bone
27
The Structure of Bone
  • Running the length of compact bones are tube-like
    structures called osteons.
  • Osteons contain blood vessels and nerves.
  • The blood vessels provide oxygen and nutrients to
    living bone cells called osteocytes.
  • There are two types of bone marrow red bone
    marrow and yellow bone marrow.
  • Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
    are produced in the red bone marrow.
  • Yellow bone marrow consists of stored fat.

28
Compact Bone Structure
29
Bone Formation and Maintenance
  • During early fetal development, cartilage
    develops into bone forming cells.
  • The process of bone formation from osteoblasts is
    called ossification.
  • Osteoblasts are bone forming cells.
  • Osteoblasts are responsible for bone growth and
    repair.
  • Cells that are responsible for breaking down old,
    worn out bones are called osteoclasts.

30
Joints and Ligaments
  • Joints occur wherever two or more bones meet.
  • Ball and socket hips and shoulders
  • Pivot one example is the radius and ulna
  • Hinge elbows and knees
  • Gliding wrists, ankles, and some vertebrae
  • Sutures immovable joints like the sutures that
    attach all of the bones of the skull.
  • The bones connected at joints are held together
    by tough bands of connective tissue called
    ligaments.

31
Functions of the Skeletal System
  • Support legs, pelvis and vertebral column
    support the entire body.
  • Protection Skull protects the brain, vertebrae
    protects the spinal cord, rib cage protects the
    vital organs (heart, lungs, liver).
  • Formation of blood cells red bone marrow
    produces blood cells and platelets.
  • Reservoir stores calcium and phosphorus.
  • Movement attachment point for muscles.
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