Organic Compounds

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Organic Compounds

• Found in all living things
• contain carbon and stored energy

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Basic Elements of Life

• Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (CHON)
  compose 96 of living matter

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What is a macromolecule?

• Macro- big
• Molecule- 2 atoms chemically combined
• A large complex molecule

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4 macromolecules in all living things
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
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Monomers vs. Polymers

• Mono-one or "part
• Poly- many
• Monomers are building blocks of polymers

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Carbon UnLimited!

• 4 valence electrons
• Forms 4 covalent bonds
• Tetrahedral bond angle of 1090

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Carbohydrates

• Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
• C H O
• 1 2 1 ratio

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Carbohydrates and Sugars

• Two types of simple sugars
• monosaccharides (1 monomer)
• disaccharides (2 monomers)

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A. Monosaccharides

• Molecular formula of C6H12O6
• Provide quick energy.
• Only source of energy used by brain.

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B. Disaccharides

• Two molecules of simple sugar bonded together
• ex. Sucrose (table sugar)
• glucose fructose
• H2O
• sucrose water

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C. Polysaccharides

• Formed from three or more monosaccharides bonded
  together
• Four basic types
• starch
• cellulose
• glycogen
• chitin

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Starch

• Plant food storage
• digestible by humans

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Cellulose

• Plant structure support wood
• Indigestible, fiber
• Termites digest it!

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Glycogen

• Animal food/energy storage
• Sugar stored in liver

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Chitin

• Animal fungi structure
• Forms exoskeleton

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Lipids (Fats)

• Composed of C, H O

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Lipids

• Composed of C, H, O
• Not soluble in water (b/c dont form Hydrogen
  bonds)
• Are soluble in oil
• Fats, steroids, waxes

cheese
butter oils
Bacon grease
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Triglycerides

• Structure
• 3 molecules of fatty acids attached to one
  molecule of glycerol.
• Can be fat (solid) or oil (liquid) depending on
  temp of environment.

• Function
• Long term energy storage, protect organs,
  insulation

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Types of Triglycerides
Saturated
Unsaturated
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Saturated Fats

• Saturated--have as many hydrogen atoms bonded to
  their carbons as possible (Carbon is saturated
  with bonds)
• Has ALL C-C single bonds, no double bonds!
• Solid _at_ room temp

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D
A
C
E
B
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Unsaturated Fats

• At least one carbon to carbon double bond
• Liquid at room temperature

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Steroids

• Composed of 4 carbon rings
• Function regulation of metabolism (hormones)
• Examples testosterone, estrogen, growth hormone,
  cholesterol-a building block
• Artificial prednisone

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Steroids
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Phospholipids

• Struct Similar to triglyceride, but one fatty
  acid is replaced w/ phosphate group
• Function main component of cell membranes,
  allows fluids in/out of cell

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Phospholipids

• A phospholipid has a phosphate head and 2 lipid
  tails--in water, the heads point outward,
  protecting the tails

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Cell Membrane
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Protein
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Proteins C,H,O, N

• Monomer of protein amino acid
• Polymers of protein polypeptide protein

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Proteins

• Meat products, beans, egg whites
• Hair, cartilage

• Structure long chains of subunits called amino
  acids
• Function structural molecules enzymes, allows
  larger particles through cell membrane

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Amino acids

• There are only about 20 different amino acids in
  nature
• Our bodies can make 12 of them, the others must
  come from food we eat
• These are called essential amino acids because it
  is essential that they are included in the foods
  we eat (since we cant make them)

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20 Different Amino Acids

• R group of the amino acid makes different
  proteins

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Basic structure of an Amino acid
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Structure of Proteins

• Protein vocab
• Peptide made of 2 or more a.a.
• Polypeptide composed of 10 or more a.a.
• Protein composed of 100 or more a.a.

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Structural Proteins

• form body tissue (muscles)

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This woman has lots of protein hanging from
her head.
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Hemoglobin

• transports oxygen in blood

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Antibodies

• defend against foreign substances

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Enzymes

• Catalyze (speed up) reactions by lowering initial
  energy needed for a reaction to occur.

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Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P

• Monomer nucleotides
• Polymer nucleic acid, DNA RNA

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Nucleotides

• Structure
• phosphate group, a sugar, a nitrogen base
• Nitrogen bases Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and
  Cytosine (ATGC)

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Nucleic Acid Function

• Store and transmit genetic information

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DNA

• 2 Types of Nucleic Acids
• 1. DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid a double strand
  of nucleotides with deoxyribose as the sugar

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RNA

• 2. RNA - Ribonucleic Acid a single strand of
  nucleotides with ribose as the sugar

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Nucleic Acid Function

• DNA--stores genetic information
• RNA--makes proteins

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Macro-molecule Elements Present Monomer Polymer
Carbohydrate C, H, O monosaccharide Disaccharide, polysaccharide
Lipid C, H, O Fatty acid, glycerol Triglyceride, Steroid, Phospholipid
Protein C, H, O, N Amino Acid Polypeptide
Nucleic Acid C, H, O, N, P Nucleotide DNA/RNA