A Matter of Fact

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A Matter of Fact

• Atoms, Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

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Matter

• Anything that has mass and takes up space
  (volume)
• Examples
• A brick has mass and takes up space
• A desk has mass and takes up space
• A pencil has mass and takes up space
• Air has mass and takes up space

All of the above examples are considered matter
because they have mass and take up space. Can
you think of anything that would not be
considered matter?
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Atoms

• Smallest possible unit into which matter can be
  divided, while still maintaining its properties.
• Made up of
• protons
• neutrons
• electrons
• The solar system is commonly used as an analogy
  to describe the structure of an atom

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For example, what is the smallest possible unit
into which a long essay can be divided and
still have some meaning?

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Atoms are so small that

• it would take a stack of about 50,000 aluminum
  atoms to equal the thickness of a sheet of
  aluminum foil from your kitchen.
• if you could enlarge a penny until it was as wide
  as the US, each of its atoms would be only about
  3 cm in diameter about the size of a ping-pong
  ball
• a human hair is about 1 million carbon atoms
  wide.
• a typical human cell contains roughly 1 trillion
  atoms.
• a speck of dust might contain 3x1012 (3 trillion)
  atoms.
• it would take you around 500 years to count the
  number of atoms in a grain of salt.

C-C-C-C-C- 999,995 more
1 trillion atoms ?
.
Is made of approximately 3 trillion atoms
Just one of these grains
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Protons ()

• Positively charged particles
• Help make up the nucleus of the atom
• Help identify the atom (could be considered an
  atoms DNA)
• Equal to the atomic number of the atom
• Contribute to the atomic mass
• Equal to the number of electrons

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Neutrons

• Neutral particles have no electric charge
• Help make up the nucleus of the atom
• Contribute to the atomic mass

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Electrons (-)

• Negatively charged particles
• Found outside the nucleus of the atom, in the
  electron orbits/levels each orbit/level can hold
  a maximum number of electrons ( 1st 2, 2nd 8,
  3rd 8 or 18, etc)
• Move so rapidly around the nucleus that they
  create an electron cloud
• Mass is insignificant when compared to protons
  and neutrons
• Equal to the number of protons
• Involved in the formation of chemical bonds

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The Atoms Center

• Protons and neutrons are grouped together to form
  the center or nucleus of an atom.

Notice that the electrons are not apart of the
nucleus
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Atomic Number and Atomic Mass

• Atomic Number (noun) The number of protons in
  the nucleus of an atom. In electrically neutral
  (no charge) atoms, this number is also equal to
  the number of electrons orbiting around the
  atoms nucleus. The atomic number determines its
  position in the Periodic Table.
• Atomic Mass (noun) The mass of a given atom or
  molecule. Number of protons and neutrons added
  together.

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Mixtures, elements, compounds

• Scientists like to classify things.
• One way that scientists classify matter is by its
  composition.
• Ultimately, all matter can be classified as
  mixtures, elements and compounds.

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Why isnt it a good idea to classify matter by
its phases?

• Because one kind of substance can exist in more
  than one phase such as H20. And matter changes
  phases rather easily.

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Why isnt matter classified according to its
physical characteristics, such as color?

• Scientists wouldnt find it very useful to group
  gold, sunflowers, and the sun together.

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• Scientists ask themselves these questions?
• Is the matter uniform throughout?
• Can it be separated by physical means?
• Can it be separated by chemical means?

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• By asking these questions scientists can classify
  matter into
• Mixtures two or more substances that are not
  chemically combined with each other and can be
  separated by physical means. The substances in a
  mixture retain their individual properties.
• Solutions a special kind of mixture where one
  substance dissolves in another.
• Elements simplest form of pure substance. They
  cannot be broken into anything else by physical
  or chemical means.
• Compounds pure substances that are the unions
  of two or more elements. They can be broken into
  simpler substances by chemical means.

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Is it uniform throughout?

• If the answer is no, the matter is a
  heterogeneous mixture.
• Considered the least mixed.
• Does not appear to be the same throughout.
• Particles are large enough to be seen and to be
  separated from the mixture.

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Examples of heterogeneous mixtures

• Sand and pebbles
• Oil and water
• Powdered iron and powdered sulfur

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Granite is a heterogeneous mixture.
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Mixtures

• A mixture of lead atoms and chlorine atoms. They
  exist in no particular ratio and are not
  chemically combined with each other. They can be
  separated by physical means.
• A mixture of PbCl2 and PbCl4 formula units.
  Again, they are in no particular ratio to each
  other and can be separated without chemical
  change.

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Is it uniform throughout?

• If the answer is yes, the matter is homogeneous
  (looks the same throughout).
• That leads us to another question.

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Can it be separated by physical means?

• If the answer is yes, the matter is a homogeneous
  mixture or solution.

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Homogeneous Mixtures

• A mixture that appears to be the same throughout.
• It is well mixed.
• The particles that make up the mixture are very
  small and not easily recognizable.

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Examples of homogeneous mixtures
Milk, toothpaste, and mayonnaise are
homogeneous mixtures. They are also colloids.
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Colloids

• In a colloid the particles are mixed together but
  not dissolved.
• The particles are relatively large and are kept
  permanently suspended.

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Colloids

• A colloid will not separate upon standing.
• The particles are constantly colliding, and this
  allows a colloid to scatter light thus colloids
  often seem cloudy.

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Solutions

• A solution is a type of homogeneous mixture
  formed when one substance dissolves in another.
• It is the best mixed of all mixtures.
• A solution always has a substance that is
  dissolved and a substance that does the
  dissolving.
• The substance that is dissolved is the solute and
  the substance that does the dissolving is the
  solvent.

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Ocean water is a solution
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The universal solvent Water
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Water as a solvent

• Many liquid solutions contain water as the
  solvent.
• Ocean water is basically a water solution that
  contains many salts.
• Body fluids are also water solutions.

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Types of solutions
Solute
Solvent
Example
Gas Gas Air (oxygen in nitrogen)
Gas Liquid Soda water (carbon dioxide in water)
Solid Liquid Ocean water (salt in water)
Solid Solid Gold jewelry (copper in gold)
Metals dissolved in metals are called alloys.
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Air is a solution of oxygen and other gases
dissolved in nitrogen
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Can it be separated by physical means?

• If the answer is no, the matter is a pure
  substance.
• An element
• Or a compound

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Elements

• Elements are the simplest pure substance.
• An element can not be changed into a simpler
  substance by heating or any chemical process.
• The smallest particle of an element that has the
  properties of that element is called an atom.
• An atom is the basic building block of matter.
• There are more than one hundred known elements in
  the universe listed on the periodic table of
  elements.
• These elements combine in such a way to create
  millions of compounds.

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Elements

• All elements are made of atoms.
• Atoms of the same element are alike.
• Atoms of different elements are different.

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Elements

• In 1813, a system of representing elements with
  symbols was introduced.
• Each symbol consists of one or two letters.
• Two letters are needed for a chemical symbol when
  the first letter of that elements name has
  already been used.

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Common Elements
Aluminum Al
Bromine Br
Calcium Ca
Carbon C
Gold Au
Helium He
Hydrogen H
Nitrogen N
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Elements

• A sample of lead atoms (Pb). All atoms in the
  sample consist of lead, so the substance is
  homogeneous.
• A sample of chlorine atoms (Cl). All atoms in
  the sample consist of chlorine, so the substance
  is homogeneous.

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Compounds

• Compounds are also pure substances.
• But compounds are made from more than one
  element.
• Water is a compound.
• Water can be broken down into simpler substances
  hydrogen and oxygen.

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Compounds

• Lead has two charges listed, 2 and 4. This is
  a sample of lead (II) chloride (PbCl2). Two or
  more elements bonded in a whole-number ratio is a
  COMPOUND.
• This compound is formed from the 4 version of
  lead. This is lead (IV) chloride (PbCl4).
  Notice how both samples of lead compounds have
  consistent composition throughout? Compounds are
  homogeneous!

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPOUNDS MIXTURES
S. No. MIXTURE COMPOUNDS
1 2 3 4 The substance are mixed together, no reaction take place. Composition can be varied Properties of the constituents present, remain same. Can be separated by physical method such as filtration, distillation etc. Substance chemically react to form a new compound. Composition of new compound is always same. The properties of new compound are very different from those of the element in it. Cannot easily be separated into its elements.
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