The%20Industrial%20Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution

• Chapter 7, sec. 3
• World Studies

2
Key Terms

• Capitalism
• Economic system in which individuals control the
  factors of production
• Communism
• Economic system in which the government controls
  the factors of production

3
A New Kind of Revolution

• Until the middle of the 1700s, most people lived
  on farms or in small towns.
• Agriculture was the basis of their economies.
• Most goods that people needed were made by hand,
  either at home or in small shops.

4
Industrial Revolution

• From about 1760 to about 1860, the way
  manufactured goods were produced shifted from
  simple hand tools in homes and shops to complex
  machines in factories.
• Began in Great Britain in the 1760s.

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Why Great Britain?

• At that time, trade from its growing overseas
  empire (India, America, Australia, African
  colonies) was fueling the rapid growth of
  Britains economy.
• British colonies provided both the raw materials
  needed to manufacture goods and the people to buy
  the goods once they were produced.

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Five Reasons

• 1. Agricultural Practices had changed.
• Expansion of farmland, good weather, improved
  transportation, new crops from Americas (the
  potato)
• 2. With increased food supply, the population
  grew.
• 3. Britain had a ready supply of money
  (capital), to invest.
• 4. Britain had plentiful natural resources.
• Rivers for water power coal iron ore
• 5. Britain had a supply of markets for their
  goods.
• Colonies

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Wealth

• British businesspeople became wealthy and had
  money to invest in new ventures, such as
  factories.

8
The Textile Industry

• In the 1760s, the leading industry in Britain
  was the textile industry, or the making of cloth.
• Spinning and weaving were done mostly by people
  working in their homes. Since it took a long
  time to make each piece of cloth, only rich
  people had more than one change of clothes.

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Inventions

• The spinning jenny (invented by James Hargreaves)
  allowed one person to do the work of eight people
  using spinning wheels.
• (clothes became
• cheaper!)

10
Power Supply

• The new textile machines were so big and powerful
  that they needed more power than one person could
  supply.
• Inventors came up with ways of using flowing
  water to supply power to these huge machines.
• They dammed rivers and built mills that used
  water wheels.

11
James Watt

• He was called the Father of the Industrial
  Revolution because of his improvements to the
  steam engine in the 1760s.

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Other Energy

• Later, steam engines were used to supply power.
• Britains large deposits of coal powered these
  engines.
• The new textile machines had to be housed in
  large buildings called factories.

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Industrial Revolution grows

• Other inventions took advantage of the new power
  supply. Steam-driven hammers forged iron parts
  for the newly invented farm machines, railroad
  cars, and engines.
• Trains, powered by steam on steel rails, moved
  people quickly, cheaply, reliably.

14
Richard Trevithick

• An English engineer, he built the first steam
  locomotive. Railroads were particularly
  important to the success of the Industrial
  Revolution

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Agriculture

• Agriculture became more like industry, as farmers
  used new, steam-driven machines to plant, harvest
  and process crops.

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Effects of Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution spread to other
  countries in Europe and to the United States.
• It changed peoples lives and the structure of
  society.
• Ordinary people had access to a large variety of
  goods.
• Cities grew as people left their farms and went
  to work in factories.

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More Effects

• Instead of providing things for themselves on
  farms, people bought the things they needed with
  the money they earned working in the factories.
• Workers spent less time with their families as
  they worked 12-18 hrs. a day in factories.

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A New Middle Class

• The Industrial Revolution changed society in that
  it created a middle class.
• Managers who ran the factories and merchants who
  sold the many new goods created a middle class.
• The middle class had money to buy products that
  could make life easier.

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Problems

• For people who worked in factories, life actually
  became harder.
• Their work was noisy, dirty, and mind-numbing
  (BORING).
• Their work around the big machines was dangerous.
• Factory workers were paid very poorly.

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Life in Industrial Towns

• Workers lived in small, cramped quarters.
• Soot from smokestacks and trains covered
  everything, even indoors.
• Often, many families shared a single bathroom or
  had no indoor plumbing at all.
• Garbage piled in the streets, attracting dogs and
  rats.

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..Towns

• Diseases spread easily through these cities where
  conditions were so bad.
• Many people died of cholera and typhus.
• Even minor diseases could be fatal under such
  conditions.

22
The sweatshop

• Sweatshop is a negative term for any working
  environment considered to be unacceptably
  difficult or dangerous
• Sweatshop workers often work long hours for low
  pay, regardless of laws mandating overtime pay or
  a minimum wage.

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Workers Fight Back

• In response to their problems in industry, some
  workers formed labor unions.
• Labor unions were organizations that helped
  workers bargain with employers to improve their
  pay and working conditions.
• Employers fought against unionization, sometimes
  with violence.

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Samuel Gompers

• Samuel Gompers was
• A famous labor union
• leader who fought for
• workers rights and
• benefits in the late
• 1800s.

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Labor Unions

• By the late 1800s, labor unions were
  well-established. They won shorter hours, better
  pay, and safer working conditions for their
  members and for other workers.

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Images
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Children at Work
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Coal Miners
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Homework Doesnt Look So Bad Now, Right?
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I. Changes in the Physical Environment Workers
moved from the country to the cities, causing
urban areas to grow and become overcrowded.
Population of London, 1800
960,000 Population of London, 1900
6,500,000
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Cholera and other diseases spread rapidly in
crowded cities, killing thousands.
32
People thought cholera was spread by bad air,
but they finally realized it spread through water
contaminated by waste.
Citizens began to ask their governments to do
something about housing, public health, and
sanitation.
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Governments organized inspectors to monitor
public health and housing. New
buildings had to have running water and drainage
systems. Systems were put in place to store
clean water and carry it into cities, then to
drain wastewater to disposal sites far from
cities.
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II. Changes in the Social Environment While
industrialization created many new jobs, these
jobs were often demanding and dangerous.
People worked long hours in bad conditions and
lived in crowded slums.
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• Some reformers wanted to work from within the
  system
• to get shorter hours, better benefits, and safer
  working conditions.
• Workers formed unions
• then tried to get their
• employers to negotiate
• with union representatives
• (collective bargaining).
• To pressure employers into
• negotiating, workers could
• stop working until their
• demands were met
• (called a strike.)

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Other reformers wanted to replace industrial
capitalism with socialism, based on the ideas of
Karl Marx.
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Karl Marx and Frederick Engels in 1848 published
The Communist Manifesto.
Marx believed human history was one long struggle
between the oppressors (bourgeoisie) and the
oppressed (proletariat).
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In the capitalist system, the bourgeoisie owned
the means of production.

• Marx thought the proletariat would rebel and form
  a dictatorship, taking control of the means of
  production.

• This would create a society without social
  classes.