The%20Scope%20of%20Disaster%20Risk%20and%20Key%20Concepts - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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The Scope of Disaster Risk and Key Concepts Objectives: Highlight rising pattern of disaster loss Show range of inputs from different disciplines – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: The%20Scope%20of%20Disaster%20Risk%20and%20Key%20Concepts


1
The Scope of Disaster Risk and Key Concepts
  • Objectives
  • Highlight rising pattern of disaster loss
  • Show range of inputs from different disciplines
  • Introduce key concepts

2
Why be concerned about disaster risk?
  • Dramatic increase in global and regional losses
    in recent decades
  • 2000 data - Munich Re reported 850 catastrophes
    w/natural trigger (100 more than 1999, 200 more
    than annual 1990s average)

3
Sobering economic loss information
  • In 1990s, global economic costs of disasters
    w/natural trigger gt US 608 bn
  • 3 x more than 1980s
  • 9 x more than 1960s
  • by 2050, expected to reach US300 bn/annually

4
Massive North-South Imbalance
  • Developed countries annual loss around 2-5 GDP
    compared to 13.4 of GDP in poor countries.
  • International stats exclude drought and uninsured
    losses under-report losses from South

5
Likely Impacts of Climate Change
  • gt70 of all disaster losses are weather-related
  • During 21st Century, climate-related losses are
    expected to increase dramatically.

6
Climate Change Effects
  • Increased temps from 1.4-5.8o C 1990-2100
  • Sea levels increase by 90cm
  • Greater weather extremes (more intense droughts,
    more heavy rains, cyclones)

7
Implications for Africa
  • Impact on food and water security
  • Increasing exposure to cyclonic and storm systems
  • Increased probability of wild fires
  • Expansion of malarious zones
  • Lost foreign exchange from agricultural exports.

8
Disaster Risk Reduction is Interdisciplinary
  • Natural hazards perspective.
  • Social vulnerability
  • Disaster management
  • Humanitarianism
  • (Re)insurance and banking

9
Hazards Perspective
  • Driven from physical sciences. Focus on
    conditions/processes that cause damage.
  • Hazards classified as
  • natural
  • technological
  • social/violence
  • compound

10
Social Vulnerability Perspective
  • Has its origins in social science and research on
    famine (Sen) in India
  • Significant emphasis on structural factors that
    increase/diminish disaster risk (ie power,
    poverty, political marginalisation, family
    networks, community structures etc).

11
Disaster Management Perspective
  • Evolution from civil defence to civil protection
    to disaster management .
  • Informed by UNDP Disaster Management training
    Programme of 1990s, aiming to broaden scope from
    past civil protection emphasis.

12
Humanitarian Assistance
  • Organised systems of humanitarianism emerged with
    red Cross movement in late 19th Century, but have
    grown dramatically in the late 20th Century - in
    response to refugee/IDP crises
  • Often with a specific impartial, neutral relief
    mandate driven by ngos, multilaterals.

13
(Re)Insurance and Banking Sectors
  • Focus on improved management of risk and
    minimisation of exposure to financial loss.
  • Focused risk assessment, risk reduction and loss
    sharing mechanisms.

14
Pressing Need for Interdisciplinarity
  • No one discipline can ever address issues driven
    by a multitude of hazards and socio-economic and
    environmental vulnerability factors.
  • The field is both multi-disciplinary and
    interdisciplinary.

15
A Tool Kit of Key Terms
  • Hazard
  • Vulnerability
  • Disaster Risk
  • Emergency
  • Disaster
  • Risk Reduction
  • Disaster Reduction

16
Hazard (or trigger)
  • A phenomenon with potential to cause harm.
  • (ie rain..but rain is also a resource)
  • A hazard is NOT automatically a disaster.
  • Eg drought, fire, some floods, heavy rain are
    normal elements of our environment.

17
Vulnerability
  • Characteristics of a household, community,
    province, business, ecosystem etc that increase
    the likelihood of loss.

18
Disaster Risk
  • Probability that a household, community,
    business, province etc will be unable to resist,
    manage or recover from the losses sustained from
    a hazard without external assistance.

19
Disaster Risk
  • Is ALWAYS driven by
  • Hazard x Vulnerability.
  • Risk can be increased or reduced from either
    side in southern countries, disaster risk is
    almost always increased by social, economic and
    environmental vuln.

20
Disaster Reduction
  • Term emerged in 1990s International Decade for
    Natural Disaster Reduction
  • Parallels developmental objectives like Poverty
    reduction... reflects an objective to achieve
    reductions in losses of life, of property of
    natural resources by reducing hazards/vulnerabili
    ties

21
Disaster Management
  • Refers to a suite of measures intended to
    strengthen management of risks and the
    consequences of disasters.
  • Prevention
  • Mitigation
  • Preparedness
  • Response/Relief
  • Recovery

22
Prevention
  • Measures designed to provide permanent
    protection or reduce the intensity of a
    hazardous event so it does not become a disaster
  • reforesting an unstable slope to prevent
    landslides

23
Mitigation
  • Measures taken well in advance of a hazard alert
    to minimise vulnerability of communities/household
    s to a known/expected threat.
  • Eg protection of deep wells in cholera-prone
    areas crop diversification to drought tolerant
    varieties in drought-prone areas.

24
Preparedness
  • Advance measures taken to predict, respond to and
    manage a hazard eventmeasures that prepare
    people to react appropriately before, during and
    after it.
  • Eg dissemination of early warning info on
    approaching cyclone intensified health education
    before rainy season.

25
Disaster Response/Relief
  • Measures taken to alleviate immediate hardship
    and meet basic needs for shelter water,
    sanitation, health care, as well as search and
    rescue of survivors.

26
Recovery/rehabilitation
  • Process undertaken by a disaster-affected
    community to fully restore itself to its
    predisaster level of functioning and which
    enables it to become even more disaster-resistent.
  • Eg planting/harvest of drought resistent
    cropsstorm/cyclone-proofing essential community
    buildings, schools and clinics.

27
Last two slides
  • 1)Sudden-onset hazard - eg heavy rain, earth
    instability, fires, many weather systems.
  • 2)Slow-onset hazard/process creeping emergency
    ie some communicable diseases, drought

28
Types of events
  • Low frequency - high magnitude events (ie usually
    declared disasters) those with long return
    period and large losses.
  • High frequency - low magnitude events (often
    considered normal /routine threats happen
    daily/weekly but with relatively small impacts).
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