The French and Indian War

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The French and Indian War

• England and France compete
• in
• North America

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What happens when there is more than one High
School in a community?
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North America in 1750
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French and Indian War

• Students will analyze the French and Indian war
  in order to evaluate the reactions of colonial
  America.

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• How does war affect a countrys economy?
• Are these cost dependent upon whether you win or
  lose?

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• Benjamin Franklin published this political
  cartoon in the Pennsylvania Gazette on May 9,
  1754. Soon after, delegates from some of the
  colonies were going to meet in Albany, New York
  to discuss steps they could take to protect
  themselves from the French

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The Albany Congress

• In 1754, war was inevitable.
• The colonies sent delegates to Albany to discuss
  strategy for common defense.
• They approved a document written by Benjamin
  Franklin promoting a substructure of government
  below British authority to govern the colonies.
• The council would be comprised of elected
  representatives from each colony and headed by a
  President-General appointed by the crown.
• The colonies were not ready for political union
  and it is unlikely that the British government
  would have supported the plan.

"Join or Die" (1754) published by Franklin is
considered the first political cartoon of the
colonies.
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French and English Collide

• The French and Indian War, the colonial part of
  the Seven Years War that ravaged Europe from
  1756 to 1763
• The French and Indian War was part of a larger
  conflict between England and France in their
  competetion to control world trade.
• bloodiest American war in the 1700s.

• It took more lives than the American Revolution,
  involved people on three continents, including
  the Caribbean.
• Britain spent millions of pounds to defeat the
  French.
• In 1763 England was 2.5 million pounds in
  debt(395 million)
• King George was faced with trying to pay for the
  war.

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You will examine the components of the French and
Indian War by reading in the American Journey and
completing the chart below
Causes Role of the Colonists Results

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• The war was the product of a clash between the
  French and English over colonial territory and
  wealth.
• In North America, the war can also be seen as a
  product of the local rivalry between British and
  French colonists.

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• By the 1750s, English colonists, especially the
  investors in the Ohio Company, also hoped to
  convert the wilderness into good farmland.
• Each side tried to keep the other out of the Ohio
  Country.
• In the early 1750s, French soldiers captured
  several English trading posts and built Fort
  Duquense (now called Pittsburgh) to defend their
  territory from English incursions.

• Tensions between the British and French in
  America had been getting worse for some time, as
  each side wanted to gain more land.
• In the 1740s, both England and France traded for
  furs with the Native Americans in the Ohio
  Country.

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• In 1754, George Washington and a small force of
  Virginia militiamen marched to the Ohio Country
  to drive the French out.
• Washington hoped to capture Fort Duquesne but
  soon realized the fort was too strong, so he
  retreated and when chased by the French, quickly
  built Fort Necessity.
• If he could not drive the French from the area,
  they would at least have to reckon with the
  English fortifications.
• He also hoped to convince native people that
  England was the stronger force, so that they
  would ally with the British rather than the
  French.

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1754 ? The First Clash
The Ohio Valley
British
French
Fort Necessity Fort
Duquesne George Washington
Delaware Shawnee
Indians
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• A combined force of French soldiers and their
  native allies overwhelmed Fort Necessity on July
  3, 1754, marking the start of the French and
  Indian War in North America. The French
  permitted Washington and his men to return to
  Virginia safely, but made them promise they would
  not build another fort west of the Appalachian
  Mountains for at least a year. England did not
  officially declare war until 1756, although the
  conflict had actually begun two years earlier at
  Fort Necessity.

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British-American Colonial Tensions
British
Colonials

• March in formation or bayonet charge.

• Indian-style guerilla tactics.

Methods ofFighting

• Br. officers wanted to take charge of
  colonials.

• Col. militias served under own captains.

MilitaryOrganization

• Drills tough discipline.

• No mil. deference or protocols observed.

MilitaryDiscipline

• Colonists should pay for their own defense.

• Resistance to rising taxes.

Finances

• Prima Donna Br. officers with servants
  tea settings.

• Casual, non-professionals.

Demeanor
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Treaty of Paris 1763

• The Treaty that officially ended the French and
  Indian War.
• The British gained control over the area west of
  the 13 British Colonies all the way to the
  Mississippi River.
• The French agreed to give up any colonies in
  North America, including all of Canada.
• Since Spain had helped the French, the Spanish
  were also forced to give up Florida. But the
  Spanish still held their territory west of the
  Mississippi River and in Central and South
  America.

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1763 ? Treaty of Paris
France --gt lost her Canadian possessions, most of
her empire in India, and claims to lands east of
the Mississippi River.
Spain --gt got all French lands west of the
Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida
to England.
England --gt got all French lands in Canada,
exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and
commercial dominance in India.
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North America in 1763
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The end and a new war

• By September 1760, the British controlled all of
  the North American frontier the war between the
  two countries was effectively over.
• The 1763 Treaty of Paris, which also ended the
  European Seven Years War, set the terms by
  which France would capitulate. Under the treaty,
  France was forced to surrender all of her
  American possessions to the British.
• Although the war with the French ended in 1763,
  the British continued to fight with the Indians
  over the issue of land claims. "Pontiac's War"
  flared shortly after the Treaty of Paris was
  signed

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Effects of the War on Britain?
1. It increased her colonial empire in the
Americas.
2. It greatly enlarged Englands debt.
3. Britains contempt for the colonials
created bitter feelings.
Therefore, England felt that amajor
reorganization of her American Empire was
necessary!
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Effects of the War on the American Colonials
1. It united them against a common enemy for
the first time.
2. It created a socializing experience for
all the colonials who participated.
3. It created bitter feelings towards the
British that would only intensify.
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Lasting effects

• The results of the war effectively ended French
  influence in North America.
• England gained massive amounts of land and
  vastly strengthened its hold on the continent.
• It hurt relationships between the English and
  Native Americans and, though the war seemed to
  strengthen England's hold on the colonies, the
  effects of the French and Indian War played a
  major role in the worsening relationship between
  England and its colonies that eventually led into
  the Revolutionary War.

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Pontiac's Rebellion

• Native Americans quickly grew disenchanted with
  the British.
• The British exhibited little cultural
  sensitivity, traded unfairly, and failed to stop
  encroachments on Indian land.
• This unrest culminated in a rebellion by Pontiac,
  a Native American leader who united various
  tribes with the goal of expelling the British.
• The uprising lasted from 1763 to 1766.
• Massacres and atrocities occurred on both sides
  most notably, British General Jeffrey Amherst
  gave the Native Americans blankets infested with
  smallpox.

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Chief Pontiac Address to Ottawa, Huron, and
Pottawatomie Indians (May 5, 1763)

• It is important that we exterminate from our
  lands this nation which seeks only to destroy us.
  You see as well as I do that we can no longer
  supply our needs, as we have done from our
  brothers, the French. The English sells us goods
  twice as dear as the French do, and their goods
  do not last.
• When I go to see the English commander and
  say to him that some of our comrades are dead,
  instead of bewailing their death, as our French
  brothers do, he laughs at me and at you. If I
  ask for anything for our sick, he refuses with
  the reply that he has no use for us.
• Are we not men like them? What do we fear?
  It is time.