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Chapter 12: Personality Theory, Research, and Assessment

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Title: Chapter 12: Personality Theory, Research, and Assessment


1
Chapter 12 PersonalityTheory, Research, and
Assessment
2
Defining PersonalityConsistency and
Distinctiveness
  • Personality
  • Refers to an individuals unique constellation of
    consistent behavioral traits
  • The Five-Factor Model
  • Extraversion (positive emotionality)
  • Neuroticism (negative emotionality)
  • Openness to experience
  • Agreeableness
  • Conscientiousness

3
Extrovert
4
Neurotic
5
Openness
6
Agreeableness
7
Conscientiousness
8
Psychodynamic Perspectives
  • Freuds psychoanalytic theory
  • Structure of personality
  • Id - Pleasure principle
  • Ego - Reality principle
  • Superego - Morality
  • Levels of awareness
  • Conscious
  • Unconscious
  • Preconscious

9
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10
Psychodynamic Perspectives
  • Freuds psychoanalytic theory
  • Conflict
  • Sex and Aggression
  • Suppressed most often
  • Anxiety
  • Caused by a fear the id or superego will overtake
    you
  • Defense Mechanisms
  • Way to prevent us from feeling guilt or anxiety

11
Why do we use defense mechanisms?
According to Freud, unconscious conflicts between
the id, ego, and superego sometimes lead to
anxiety. This discomfort may lead to the use of
defense mechanisms, which may temporarily relieve
anxiety.
Figure 12.3 Freuds model of personality dynamics
12
Sublimination finding a socially appropriate
outlet for ids desires. ex Becoming an
MMA fighter to release aggression
13
Freud on DevelopmentPsychosexual Stages
  • Sexual physical pleasure
  • Psychosexual stages
  • Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
  • Fixation Excessive gratification or frustration
  • Overemphasis on psychosexual needs during fixated
    stage

14
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15
Other Psychodynamic Theorists
  • Carl Jung Analytical Psychology
  • Personal and collective unconscious
  • Archetypes emotionally charged universal images
  • Introversion/Extroversion
  • I am not a Jungian
    I do
    not want anybody to be a Jungian. I want
    people above all to be themselves

16
Figure 12.4 Jungs vision of the collective
unconscious
17
Other Psychodynamic Theorists
  • Alfred Adler Individual Psychology
  • Striving for superiority- most motivating
  • Inferiority complex/overcompensation
  • Birth order

18
Evaluating Psychodynamic Perspectives
  • Pros
  • The unconscious
  • The role of internal conflict
  • The importance of early childhood experiences
  • Cons
  • Poor testability
  • Inadequate empirical base
  • Sexist views
  • No predictive Value

19
Trait Theory
  • Major theoretical areas in the study of
    personality
  • Gordon Allport
  • Raymond Cattell
  • Hans Eysenk
  • Suggests that individual personalities are
    composed broad dispositions
  • Lists a number of traits, such as outgoing, kind
    and even-tempered
  • A History of Trait Theory

20
Behavioral Perspectives
  • Skinners views
  • Conditioning and response tendencies
  • Determinism behavior is fully determined by
    external forces
  • Banduras views
  • Social learning theory (social cognitive theory)
  • Reciprocal determinism - combo
  • Observational learning
  • Models
  • Self-efficacy

21
Evaluating Behavioral Perspectives
  • Pros
  • Based on rigorous research
  • Insights into effects of learning and
    environmental factors
  • Cons
  • Over-dependence on animal research
  • Fragmented view of personality
  • Dehumanizing views

22
Humanistic Perspectives
  • Carl Rogers
  • Person Centered Theory
  • Self-concept
  • Conditional/unconditional positive regard
  • Incongruence and anxiety
  • Abraham Maslow
  • Self-actualization theory
  • Hierarchy of needs
  • The healthy personality

23
Figure 12.11 Maslows hierarchy of needs
24
Figure 12.12 Maslows view of the healthy
personality
25
Evaluating Humanistic Perspectives
  • Pros
  • Credited with highlighting the importance of a
    persons subjective view of reality
  • Focused attention a healthy personality
  • Gave us client-centered counseling
  • Cons
  • Lacks a strong research base
  • Poor testability
  • May be an overly optimistic view of human nature
    (Maslow had a hard time finding live people who
    had self-actualized)

26
Biological Perspectives
  • Eysenks theory
  • 3 higher order traits
  • Extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism
  • Determined by genes
  • Twin studies
  • The Jim Twins
  • The evolutionary approach
  • Traits conducive to reproductive fitness

27
Figure 12.14 Twin studies of personality
28
Evaluating Biological Perspectives
  • Pros
  • Convincing evidence for genetic influence
  • Cons
  • Conceptual problems with heritability estimates
  • Artificial carving apart of nature and nurture
  • No comprehensive biological theory
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