Optimal fishing policies that maximize sustainable ecosystem services

1
Optimal fishing policies that maximize
sustainable ecosystem services

• Hiroyuki Matsuda (Yokohama Natl U),
• Mitsutaku Makino (Jpn Fish Agency)
• Koji Kotani (International Univ of Jpn)

2
Overview

• Requiem to Maximum Sustainable Yield theory
• Adaptive management is useful for uncertain,
  dynamic stocks, but
• Yield is a small part of ecosystem services
• MS Ecosystem Services is more prudent and enhance
  biodiversity
• To ecosystem comanagement
• Comprehensive indicator of biodiversitya

3
Requiem to Maximum Sustainable Yield Theory

• Ecosystems are uncertain, non-equilibrium and
  complex.
• MSY theory ignores all the three.
• Does MSY theory guarantee species persistence?
• - No!!

surplus production
Stock abundance
4
Unconstrained MSY that maximizes the total yield
from the community(Matsuda Abrams 2006 Ecol
Appl)

• dN/dt (r C.N e)N, Y e.(pN c)
• We choose fishing effort ei independently
• 6-species systems including 2 prey
• random matrix with 50 probabilities
• we seek r having a positive equilibrium
• price p is 0-1 for prey, 0-10 for predators

5
Examples of biological community at MSY (Matsuda
Abrams 2006 Ecol. Appl.)

• Solution maximizing total yield from community

MSY solution often reduces species and links
(c)
(d)
(e)
(b)
(a)
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Conclusion of MSY from food web

• MSY theory does not guarantee species coexistence
  
• Fisheries must take care of biodiversity
  conservation explicitly
• Foodweb constraint to reconciling fisheries
  with conservation
• e.g., Consider ecosystem services!

7
Overview

• Requiem to MS Yield theory
• Adaptive management is useful for uncertain,
  dynamic stocks, but
• Yield is a small part of ecosystem services
• MS Ecosystem Services is more prudent and enhance
  biodiversity
• To ecosystem comanagement
• Comprehensive indicator of biodiversity

8
Rules of fishing effort that depend on the
estimate of stock abundance
Constant escapement
ABC rule
Constant catch
9
Merits of adaptive stock management

• Constant harvest (CH) amount will drive stock
  collapse, even CH ratio too
• Constant escapement results in a huge variation
  of catch and vulnerable to stock measurement
  errors.
• Adaptive management (ABC rule) results in more
  stable catch, is robust against measurement
  process errors.

10
If prey is exploited and fishing effort is
feedback control, ...(Matsuda Abrams in prep.)
P

• no adaptation (C is constant)
• dE/dt U(N-N)

predator P
fishery E
N
sardine N
11
Toward ecosystem approach

• Single stock monitoring is dangerous
• Target stock level is much more sensitive than we
  have considered in single stock models.
• We must monitor not only stock level of target
  species, but also the entire ecosystem.

12
Overview

• Requiem to MS Yield theory
• Adaptive management is useful for uncertain,
  dynamic stocks, but
• Yield is a small part of ecosystem services
• MS Ecosystem Services is more prudent and enhance
  biodiversity
• To ecosystem comanagement
• Comprehensive indicator of biodiversity

13
Ecosystem services and well-being
(MA2005)
2006/5/22
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Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital

• Goods (Resource of Agriculture etc.)
• Ecosystem services (Air, Water)
• Amenity, and intrinsic values are estimated to be
  in US16-54 trillion per year, most of which is
  outside the market

15
Overview

• Requiem to MS Yield theory
• Adaptive management is useful for uncertain,
  dynamic stocks, but
• Yield is a small part of ecosystem services
• MS Ecosystem Services is more prudent and enhance
  biodiversity
• To ecosystem comanagement
• Comprehensive indicator of biodiversity

16
Ecosystem services V(N, C)

• V(N, C) Y(C) cE S(N)
• Provisional Service (Fisheries Yield) Y(C)
• Fishing Cost cE
• Utility of standing biomass S(N)
• C catch E fishing effort N stock biomass

2008/3/2
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Regulating services S(N) S?N2/(B2N2)
(S?, B) (100,10)
(S?, B) (50,50)
2008/3/2
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Mathematics

• Stock dynamics dN/dt (r aN)N C,
• Catch and yield C qEN, Y(C) pqEN,
• Regulating service S(N) S?N2/(B2N2),
• Equilibrium N(E) (r qE)/a
• Service at N V(E) pqEN cE S(N)
• Optimal effort Eopt satisfies that ?V/?E 0
• Maximum Sustainable Ecosystem Service Eopt
  (pqr ac)/2pq2

2008/3/2
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Maximum Sustainable Ecosystem Service
(S?, B) (100,10)
(S?, B) (50,50)
(S?, B) (0,-)
2008/3/2
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20
MSY vs MSES with process uncertainties
MSY
MSES
year
21
MSES from food webs

• Community dynamics dNi/dt (ri ?ajiNj
  qiEi)Ni
• Yield from foodweb Y(E) ?Ei(piqiNi ci)
• Total ecosystem services...V(E) Y(E) ?Si(Ni)
• Si(Ni) Si?Ni2/(Bi2Ni2)
• We obtained EMSES ? Y(E) and EMSY ?V(E)

2008/3/2
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30
(a)
(b)
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(f)
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2008/3/2
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Resultant food webs and fishing efforts from 1000
randomly constructed six species systems
No. of species No. of extant species using MSY policy No. of exploited species using MSY policy No of extant species using MSES policy No of exploited species using MSES policy
0 0 0 0 9
1 0 204 0 96
2 206 792 13 318
3 531 4 43 337
4 236 0 31 201
5 25 0 8 35
6 2 0 905 4

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MSES saves fishing efforts
Ban-on-Fishing
2008/3/2
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Overview

• Requiem to MS Yield theory
• Adaptive management is useful for uncertain,
  dynamic stocks, but
• Yield is a small part of ecosystem services
• MS Ecosystem Services is more prudent and enhance
  biodiversity
• To ecosystem comanagement
• Comprehensive indicator of biodiversity

26
12 Principles of Ecosystem Approach of CBD

• The objectives are a matter of societal choice.
• Management should be decentralized to the lowest
  level.
• ... managers should consider adjacent
  ecosystems.
• usually manage in an economic context.
• Any such ecosystem-management programme should
• Conservation of ecosystem structure and
  functioning should be a priority target of the
  ecosystem approach.
• Ecosystem managed within the limits of their
  functioning.
• undertaken at the appropriate spatial and
  temporal scales.
• Recognizing the varying temporal scales and
  lag-effects, objectives should be set for the
  long term.
• Management must recognize the change is
  inevitable.
• The ecosystem approach should seek the
  appropriate balance between conservation and use
  of biological diversity.
• should consider all, including scientific and
  indigenous and local knowledge, innovations and
  practices.
• involve all relevant sectors of society and
  disciplines.

27
Fishers can monitor their marine ecosystem

• Monitoring activities are critically important to
  increase the yield Y(E) and to sustain the
  utility of standing biomass S(N). Government
  should play an important role in these monitoring
  activities. However, in reality, it is almost
  impossible for the government to monitor all the
  detailed ecosystems along the coast and within
  exclusive economic zones (EEZ). Therefore, the
  knowledge of fishers and data from fishery
  activities should be fully utilized.

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Coastal Foodweb at Shiretoko Heritage
Most of keystone species are caught and recorded
by local fishers org.s! Sustainable fisheries
play roles of umbrella species like top
predators!
28
Draft food web by SC
29
Fisheries catch statistics in Shiretoko Area
Very informative time-series data for monitoring
the changes in ecosystem structure/functions
tons
29
Made by Mitsutaku Makino
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Reality of MSES

• Our analyses also indicate that yield-maximizing
  fisheries would invoke the loss of a significant
  fraction of species in the web. It will
  inevitably lead to the degradation of S(N), and
  easily set off the benefit from Y(C), and
  ultimately reduce the total ecosystem services,
  V(E).
• To avoid these situations, government has to
  monitor the rest of the ecosystem, and regulate
  the yield-maximizing fisheries in a top-down way.
  The reality is, again, these costs would be
  beyond the budget of many countries, especially
  developing countries. To sum up the above
  discussions, yield-maximizing, economically-effici
  ent fisheries are rational for enjoying fishery
  rent, but not always so in sustaining total
  ecosystem services for society.

31
Fishers knowledge may sustain ecosystems

• From the viewpoint of sustaining ecosystem
  services, we encourage responsible fisheries
  targets for a wide range of species with a
  variety of gear.
• Local fishers often have accumulated the catch
  data of these species for over 50 years.
  Responsible fisheries can significantly
  contribute to the sustainability of ecosystem
  services if we evaluate the catch data.
• A fisheries management approach in which
  government and local fishers share the
  responsibilities and authorities for the use of
  sustainable resource is called fisheries
  comanagement, the strongest argument against the
  conventional top-down approach (Makino and
  Matsuda 2005).

32
Voluntary Activities (1)
Forestation activities by local people
(http//www.jf-net.ne.jp/hkyubetsu/sigen.htm)
Local legend says Forests are the roots of
coastal fish (http//www.jf-net.ne.jp/amhiranaigy
okyo/)
33
R1 Voluntary regulation of walleye pollock

• 177 boats fished walleye pollock in 1995
• Decreased to 86 boats in 2004 (49 reduction)
• Compensation to retired fishers by Fisheries
  Organization
• Fishing ban during Mar 20-end since 1995
• Fishing ban area expanded in 2005

Since 1995
33
Bottom trawling is totally prohibited in the
coastal area
34
Role of the government

• To avoid these situations, government has to
  monitor the rest of the ecosystem, and adaptively
  regulate the yield-maximizing (i.e. commercial)
  fisheries, often in a top-down way.
• The reality is, these costs would be beyond the
  budget of many countries, esp. developing
  countries.

35
From fisheries comanagement to ecosystem
comanagement

• Fisheries comanagement will not always lead to
  the ecosystem management
• It is likely that VMSES gt VMSY and EMSES lt EMSY
• In order to increase the total ecosystem
  services, interests from other sectors than
  fisheries, such as an environmental ministry or
  non-government organizations (NGOs), should be
  included in the decision-making arena (Makino
  2005).

36
Overview

• Requiem to MS Yield theory
• Adaptive management is useful for uncertain,
  dynamic stocks, but
• Yield is a small part of ecosystem services
• MS Ecosystem Services is more prudent and enhance
  biodiversity
• To ecosystem comanagement
• Comprehensive indicator of biodiversity

37
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) CoP10,
Nagoya, Japan, 2010

• CBD CoP10 is important because of the 2010
  Biodiversity Target (CoP6). Host nation Japan
  must keep leadership of further goals.
• Parties commit themselves to achieve by 2010
  a significant reduction of the current rate of
  biodiversity loss.
• I expect Ministry of Environment to make
  Comprehensive Environmental Assessment with
  indicators

38
Draft framework of marine biodiversity by Matsuda
Driving forces/Pressures
State/Impacts
Response

• DP1Fisheries exploitation
• Overfishing
• By-catach
• Aquaculture
• Bottom trawling
• Catch of marine mammals

• SI1 Loss of species richness
• Mean trophic levels
• Fish stock biomass
• Mammals, birds turtles

• R1 Sustainable use
• Catch regulation
• Ecolabels
• Stock rehabilitation program

• DP2 Civil engineering
• Fluvial sediment
• Reclamation, artificial shore and breakwater
• Gravel dipping

• SI2 Habitat loss/degradation
• Sand beach
• Sea grass/weed beds
• Tidal flat
• Coral reefs

• R2 MPAs by
• International MPAs
• National parks
• Voluntary MPAs
• Nature restoration projects

• DP3 Pollution and debris
• Eutrophication
• Oil spilling
• Exotic species
• Chemicals (TBT)

• SI3 Material cycling
• Red tide, blue tide
• Imposex of snails

• R3 Env. regulations
• Env. Impact Assess.
• BOD emissions
• TBT regulation

• SI4 Genetic pollution
• Salmonids

• DP4 Climate change
• Global warming
• pH decrease

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DP3 Exotic marine species
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DP3 PCDDs, PCDFs and Co-PCBs in Tokyo Bay
Sources and Contribution,
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SI1 Fishing down (MA 2005)

• In Japan??? F-MAPs mission?

42
SI1 Catch and mean trophic levels in Japan
Fishing ground changed decadally.
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SI1 trend in catch and stock of Red Sea Bream
and Japanese sardine
http//abchan.job.affrc.go.jp/digests20/index.html
Stock (1000 tons)
Harvest rate
Stock (1000 tons)
Harvest rate
Stock (1000 tons)
Harvest rate
Harvest rate
Stock (1000 tons)
Red Sea Bream (West Sea of Japan/Southeast China
Sea)
Japanese sardine (Pacific stock) Japanese sardine
(total)
Catch Catch of wild larvae Seed release
ABC TAC Catch
No. indivuduals (10,000)
Caatch (1000 tons)
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SI2 Reduction of sea grass/weed bed in Seto
Inland Sea
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SI2 Trend and volume of suspended load
?????
www.nilim.go.jp/lab/dbg/pdf/200806_fac.pdf
105 m3
gt1m increase
104 m3
gt1m decrease
103 m3
46
SI3 Imposex of Babylonia japonica by TBT/TPT
(Horiguchi et al 2006 Env Health Pers)
Fecundity (g) of cultured B. japonica Release of
B. japonica juveniles (105 ind.) Catch (tons)
Babylonia japonica
Horiguchi, T., Kojima, M., Hamada, F., Kajikawa,
A., Shiraishi, H., Morita, M., Shimizu, M.
Impact of tributyltin and triphenyltin on ivory
shell (Babylonia japonica) populations. Environ.
Health Perspectives 114 13-19, 2006.
47
R1 Voluntary regulation of walleye pollock

• 177 boats fished walleye pollock in 1995
• Decreased to 86 boats in 2004 (49 reduction)
• Compensation to retired fishers by Fisheries
  Organization
• Fishing ban during Mar 20-end since 1995
• Fishing ban area expanded in 2005

Since 1995
47
Bottom trawling is totally prohibited in the
coastal area
48
R1 The number of registered MSCs in the World
and Japan
World Japan
49
R2 MPA Construction to protect spawning/breeding
area (by public expenses)
?????
(Sited from Kyoto Institute of Oceanic and
Fishery Science HP)
50
R2Sandfish fishery mgmt at Akita Pref.
Arctoscopus japonicus Mgmt actors Local
fishermen, Local research station, etc.

• Mgmt Method
• -Complete ban of fishing for three years (Sep.
  92 Aug. 97)
• -Minimum size limit
• -Annual catch limit
• -Gear, ground and season limit
• -Restoration of breeding ground
• -Fish seeds release
• -pooling system of fishery income

www.pref.akita.jp
Catch (tons)
Mapmap Ver.6.0
51
Conclusion

• Responsible fisheries may play roles of umbrella
  species that use a small part of healthy
  ecosystem services, and give many data of
  utilized resources
• Fishing efforts that maximizes the total
  ecosystem services are usually much smaller than
  those for maximum sustainable yield.

2008/3/2
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52
Abstract

• Classic theory seeks MSY from target species
  ignores uncertainty, fluctuation, species
  interactions.
• MSY do not guarantee coexistence of species.
• Ecosystems provide supporting, provisioning (?
  fisheries yields), regulating, and cultural
  services.
• The stock biomass maintains these services, and
  regulating services gtgt fishery yields.
• We define maximum ecosystem service (MSES) in a
  single species model with and without
  uncertainties and in multiple species models.
• In any case, fishing efforts for MSES are usually
  much smaller than those for MSY.

53
Overview

• Requiem to MS Yield theory
• Adaptive management is useful for uncertain,
  dynamic stocks, but
• Yield is a small part of ecosystem services
• MS Ecosystem Services is more prudent and enhance
  biodiversity
• To ecosystem comanagement
• Comprehensive indicator of biodiversity

54
Overview

• Requiem to MS Yield theory
• Adaptive management is useful for uncertain,
  dynamic stocks, but
• Yield is a small part of ecosystem services
• MS Ecosystem Services is more prudent and enhance
  biodiversity
• To ecosystem comanagement
• Comprehensive indicator of biodiversity

55
Regulating services S(N) S?N2/(B2N2)
Maximum Sustainable Yield
(S?, B) (100,10)
(S?, B) (50,50)
Unsustainable Fisheries
No take zone
2008/3/2
55