19th Century Progress

1
19th Century Progress

• Chapter 26
• Section 4

2
Key Terms

• Assembly line
• Charles Darwin
• Theory of evolution
• Radioactivity
• Psychology
• Mass culture

3
Early Attempts at Electric Power

• Benjamin Franklin studied electricity
• Michael Faraday discovered connection between
  magnetism and electricity
• Dynamo- machine that generated electricity by
  moving magnets through a copper wire

4
Early Attempts at Electric Power

• Faraday used this to make the first electric
  motor
• 1860 Joseph Swan invented a primitive light bulb
• 40 more years till there is a useable light bulb

5
Edisons Lightbulb

• Thomas Edison first lightbulb in 1879
• Came through trial and error
• Made generators, motors, electric sockets
• Major role in city electrical utility systems
• First electric power plant New York City
• Could light several blocks

6
Effects on Industry and Daily Life

• Electric power improved industry in three ways
• Using electric power no longer needed to depend
  on steam engines
• Did not have to locate factories near water
• Factory production increases because they did
  have to depend on daylight

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7
Effects on Industry and Daily Life

• Lamps, candles, gaslight lit homes
• Electricity was cheaper
• Made daily life more convenient

8
The Automobile

• 1769 tried to build personal transportation
• Carl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler developed
  practical automobiles
• 1885 three wheel vehicle
• Daimler put an internal combustion engine on a
  horse wagon

9
The Automobile

• 1908 Henry Ford announces I will build a car for
  the great multitude.
• Used mass production built the Model T
• 1920 Model T made up 40-50 of American
  automobiles
• 1915 more roads than rails

10
The Airplane

• 1783 first hot air balloon
• Wilbur and Orville Wright first flight December
  17, 1903
• Wrights spent four years developing their
  airplane
• Designed a glider with special wings

11
The Airplane

• Attached two engines
• Flew 120 feet
• Less that then wingspan of a 747

12
Telegraph

• A machine that instantly send messages over a
  wire
• Samuel Morse invented the telegraph in 1837
• Language used was Morris Code
• Long and short signals
• 1844 built 35 miles of telegraph wires

13
Telegraph

• Between Washington D.C. and Baltimore
• First message What hath God wrought?
• New era in communication
• 1851 there were 50 telegraph companies

14
Telegraph

• 10 years later they were strung along railroad
  tracks
• Telegraph cable laid on the ocean floor between
  the U.S. and England
• News traveled in hours instead of weeks

15
The Telephone

• Alexander Graham Bell- teacher of hearing
  impaired students
• 1876 first message Mr. Watson, come here, I need
  to see you.
• Could hear the voice through the receiver
• 1880s several thousand miles of wires

16
Telephone

• 1915 1.5 million telephones installed in homes
  and offices

17
Radio and Phonograph

• 1895 Guglielmo Marconi-built wireless telegraph
  or radio
• First used to communicate with ships
• Later used for entertainment and news
• Thomas Edison-invented the record player
• Made music available to everyone

18
Medical Breakthroughs

• Preventing Disease
• 1870 Louis Pasteur showed a link between
  microbes and disease
• Bacteria was always present in the air and
  reproduce
• Bacteria in the air- can make grape juice and
  milk sour

19
Medical Breakthroughs

• Pasteurization- process of heating liquids and
  foods to a high temperature to kill bacteria
• Milk
• Cheese
• Juices
• Have been sterilized through pasteurization

20
Improving Medical Care

• Crawford Long invented anesthetic called ether
• Made patient unconscious/ first painless surgery
• 1860 Joseph Lister developed antiseptic
• Germ killing agent
• Reduce deaths from 45 to 15

21
New Ideas and Social Sciences

• Psychology-study of the mind and human behavior
• Ivan Pavlov-animals could be conditioned or
  taught
• Animals salivate at smell or sight of food
• Dogs reacted the same way to a bell because they
  got food after it rang

22
Sigmund Freud

• Unconscious part of the mind contains thought
  that we are unaware of
• Hypnotism- used to explore the unconscious mind
• Encourage people to tell him about their dreams
• Repressed thoughts cause mental illness
• Psychoanalysis was his therapy

23
Darwins Theories

• Natural selection-creatures that are well adapted
  to their environment have a better chance of
  survival
• Offspring inherit these features

24
Darwins Theories

• Species will evolve or change to improve survival
  over time
• His theory indicated humans were descendants from
  other animals
• Differed from theory of creation in the Bible

25
Advance in Chemistry and Physics

• 1800s chemists and physicists made landmark
  discoveries
• 1803 Joseph Dalton developed atomic theory
• Atoms of different elements are themselves of
  different size and mass

26
Advances in Chemistry and Physics

• 1871 Dmitri Mendeleev- made the periodic table
• Left gaps in the table knowing that some elements
  have yet to be discovered
• Predicted scientists would find more elements
  than fit unto the table

27
Advances in Chemistry and Physics

• 1898 Marie and Pierre Curie discover polonium and
  radium
• Radioactivity the energy released by the
  breakdown of certain elements
• 1911 Ernest Rutherford called the center of an
  atom the nucleus and is made up of positively
  charge particles called protons

28
Leisure Time

• Soccer, Football, baseball became popular
• Railroads could transport sports fans
• Working class families could take the train for a
  vacation
• Seaside resorts became popular

29
Leisure Time

• 1800s governments built concert halls and
  theatres
• Public funding made tickets affordable
• Museums opened- Louvre in Paris

30
Change in the Arts

• 1800s Romanticism-emphasis on intuition and
  feeling
• Reaction to enlightenment rationalism and early
  abuses of Industrial Revolution
• Major characteristics
• Love of nature
• Affection for past
• Importance of imagination