Pre-Marksmanship Training

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Pre-Marksmanship Training
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Purpose

• Re-enforce previous training, discuss range
  procedures, safety requirements, equipment,
  marksmanship fundamentals and answer any
  questions you may have

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M9
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Topics of Discussion

• Weapon Description
• Pistol Marksmanship Fundamentals
• Firing Positions
• Alt. Course Target

• BRASS
• Safety Requirements
• Clearing a weapon
• Uniform

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Weapon Description

• The M9 pistol is 9-mm, semiautomatic, magazine
  fed, recoil-operation, double-action weapons
  chambered for the 9-mm cartridge

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M9 Pistol
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M9 Pistol, components
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M9 Pistol, components
Safety Lever
Rear Sight
Front sight
Chamber
Barrel
Hammer
Slide
Slide release lever
Slide Lock
Trigger
Magazine release button
Magazine well
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M9 Pistol, Ammo
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WARNING!!!

• Do not fire heavily corroded or dented
  cartridges, cartridges with loose bullets, or any
  other rounds detected as defective through visual
  inspection.

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Pistol Marksmanship Fundamentals

• Grip
• Aiming
• Breath Control
• Trigger Squeeze
• Target Engagement
• Firing Positions

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Pistol Marksmanship Fundamentals

• A proper grip is one of the most important
  fundamentals of quick fire. The weapon must
  become an extension of the hand and arm it
  should replace the finger in pointing at an
  object. The firer must apply a firm, uniform grip
  to the weapon.
• Example of pistol grips are as follows

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Pistol Grips
One-hand Grip
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Pistol Grips
Fist Grip
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Pistol Grips
Palm Supported Grip
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Pistol Grips
Weaver Grip
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Pistol Grips

• Isometric Tension the firer raises his arms to a
  firing position and applies isometric tension.
  This is commonly known as the push-pull method
  for maintaining weapon stability. Isometric
  tension is when the firer applies forward
  pressure with the firing hand and pulls rearward
  with the non-firing hand with equal pressure.

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Isometric Tension, cont.

• This creates an isometric force but never so much
  to cause the firer to tremble. This steadies the
  weapon and reduces barrel rise from recoil. The
  supporting arm is bent with the elbow pulled
  downward. The firing arm is fully extended with
  the elbow and wrist locked. The firer must
  experiment to find the right amount of isometric
  tension to apply.

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Isometric Tension, cont.

• NOTE
• The firing hand should exert the same pressure as
  the non-firing hand. If it does not, a missed
  target could result.

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Pistol Marksmanship Fundamentals, cont.

• Aiming is sight alignment and sight placement

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Aiming, cont.

• Sight alignment is the centering of the front
  blade in the rear sight notch. The top of the
  front sight is level with the top of the rear
  sight and is in correct alignment with the eye.
  For correct sight alignment, the firer must
  center the front sight in the rear sight. He
  raises or lowers the top of the front sight so it
  is level with the top of the rear sight. Sight
  alignment is essential for accuracy because of
  the short sight radius of the pistol

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Aiming, cont.

• Sight placement is the positioning of the
  weapon's sights in relation to the target as seen
  by the firer when he aims the weapon (Figure
  2-5). A correct sight picture consists of correct
  sight alignment with the front sight placed
  center mass of the target. The eye can focus on
  only one object at a time at different distances.
  Therefore, the last focus of the eye is always on
  the front sight.

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Aiming, cont.
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Marksmanship Fundamentals, cont.

• Breath Control to attain accuracy, the firer
  must learn to hold his breath properly at any
  time during the breathing cycle. This must be
  done while aiming and squeezing the trigger.
  While the procedure is simple, it requires
  explanation, demonstration, and supervised
  practice. To hold his breath properly, the firer
  takes a breath, lets it out, then inhales
  normally, lets a little out until comfortable,
  holds, and then fires.

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Breath Control, cont.

• It is difficult to maintain a steady position
  keeping the front sight at a precise aiming point
  while breathing. Therefore, the firer should be
  taught to inhale, then exhale normally, and hold
  his breath at the moment of the natural
  respiratory pause. The shot must then be fired
  before he feels any discomfort from not
  breathing.

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Breath Control, cont.
Breath control for engaging single targets
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Breath Control, cont.
Breath control while engagement of short-exposure
targets
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Marksmanship Fundamentals, cont.

• Trigger Squeeze Improper trigger squeeze causes
  more misses than any other step of preparatory
  marksmanship. Poor shooting is caused by the aim
  being disturbed before the bullet leaves the
  barrel of the weapon. This is usually the result
  of the firer jerking the trigger or flinching. A
  slight off-center pressure of the trigger finger
  on the trigger can cause the weapon to move and
  disturb the firer's sight alignment.

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Trigger Squeeze, cont.

• Trigger squeeze is the independent movement of
  the trigger finger in applying increasing
  pressure on the trigger straight to the rear,
  without disturbing the sight alignment until the
  weapon fires. The trigger slack, or free play, is
  taken up first, and the squeeze is continued
  steadily until the hammer falls. If the trigger
  is squeezed properly, the firer will not know
  exactly when the hammer will fall thus, he will
  not tend to flinch or heel, resulting in a bad
  shot. Novice firers must be trained to overcome
  the urge to anticipate recoil. Proper application
  of the fundamentals will lower this tendency.

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Trigger Squeeze, cont.

• To apply correct trigger squeeze, the trigger
  finger should contact the trigger between the tip
  of the finger and the second joint (without
  touching the weapon anywhere else). Where contact
  is made depends on the length of the firer's
  trigger finger. If pressure from the trigger
  finger is applied to the right side of the
  trigger or weapon, the strike of the bullet will
  be to the left. This is due to the normal hinge
  action of the fingers. When the fingers on the
  right hand are closed, as in gripping, they hinge
  or pivot to the left, thereby applying pressure
  to the left (with left-handed firers, this action
  is to the right).

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Trigger Squeeze, cont.

• The firer must not apply pressure left or right
  but should increase finger pressure straight to
  the rear. Only the trigger finger should perform
  this action. Dry-fire training improves a firer's
  ability to move the trigger finger straight to
  the rear without cramping or increasing pressure
  on the hand grip.

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Trigger Squeeze, cont.

• Single Action locking the hammer in the rear
  position, and releasing the hammer with the
  trigger squeeze.
• Double Action moving the hammer through its
  entire range of motion by squeezing the trigger

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Trigger Squeeze, cont.

• NOTE The trigger squeeze of the pistol, when
  fired in the single-action mode, is 5.50 pounds
  when fired in double-action mode, it is 12.33
  pounds. The firer must be aware of the mode in
  which he is firing.

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WARNING!!!

• The half-cocked position catches the hammer and
  prevents it from firing if the hammer is released
  while manually cocking the weapon. It is not to
  be used as a safety position. The pistol will
  fire from the half-cocked position if the trigger
  is pulled.

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Firing Positions
Standing Position
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Firing Positions, cont.
Kneeling Position
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Firing Positions, cont.
Crouching Position
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Firing Positions, cont.
Prone Position
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Alternate Course Target
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Remember BRASS

• Breathe take a normal breath, let part of it
  out, and lock the remainder in the lungs by
  closing the throat
• Relax relax the body muscles.
• Aim take correct sight alignment and sight
  picture, and focus the eye at the top of the
  front sight
• Slack take up the trigger slack
• Squeeze squeeze the trigger straight to the rear
  with steadily increasing pressure without
  disturbing sight alignment until the hammer fall

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Safety Requirements

• Weapons should be considered loaded at all times
  while on the range
• DO NOT point your weapon at anyone
• Keep weapon pointed UP and DOWNRANGE at all
  times
• Do not touch your weapon while there are
  personnel downrange

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Safety Requirements, cont.

• No horse playing
• Any one can call CEASE FIRE if an unsafe act is
  observed
• Do not load your weapon until directed to do so
• Take all instructions from the RSO

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Clearing a Weapon
Place the weapon on SAFE by sliding the safety
lever down to the safe position.
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Clearing a Weapon, cont.
Remove the magazine be squeezing the release
button.
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Clearing a Weapon, cont.
Observe the chamber by pulling the slide to the
rear.
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M16A2
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Topics of Discussion

• Weapon Description
• Marksmanship Fundamentals
• Mechanical Zero
• Sight Adjustment
• Shot Groups
• Safety precautions
• Clearing a Weapon
• Uniform requirements

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Weapon Description

• The M16-/M4-series weapons are 5.56-mm,
  magazine-fed, gas-operated, air-cooled,
  shoulder-fired weapons. These weapons can be
  fired in Semi-Automatic, 3 round burst or Fully
  Automatic .
• It can fire ball, tracer, blank, SRTA and dummy
  ammunition.

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M16A2
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M16 Series / M4, Ammo
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Marksmanship Fundamentals

• Steady Position
• Aiming
• Breath Control
• Trigger Squeeze

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Marksmanship Fundamentals

• Steady Position. When the soldier approaches the
  firing line, he should assume a comfortable,
  steady firing position. The time and supervision
  each soldier has on the firing line are limited.
  He must learn how to establish a steady position
  during integrated act of dry-fire training
  (Figure 4-16). The firer is the best judge of the
  quality of his position. If he can hold the front
  sight post steady through the fall of the hammer,
  he has a good position.
• The steady position elements are as follows

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Steady Position
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Marksmanship Fundamentals, cont.

• Aiming. Having mastered the task of holding the
  rifle steady, the soldier must align the rifle
  with the target in exactly the same way for each
  firing. The firer is the final judge as to where
  his eye is focused.

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Aiming , cont.
Correct Sight Alignment
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Aiming, cont.
Correct Sight Picture
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Aiming, cont.
Side Aiming Technique
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Marksmanship Fundamentals, cont.

• Breath Control. As the firers skills improve and
  as timed or multiple targets are presented, he
  must learn to control his breath at any part of
  the breathing cycle.
• The firer must be aware of the rifles movement
  (while sighted on a target) as a result of
  breathing.

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Breath Control, cont.
Breath control for engaging single targets
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Breath Control, cont.
Breath control while engagement of short-exposure
targets
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Marksmanship Fundamentals, cont.

• Trigger Squeeze. A novice firer can learn to
  place the rifle in a steady position and to
  correctly aim at the target if he follows the
  basic principles. If the trigger is not properly
  squeezed, the rifle will be misaligned with the
  target at the moment of firing.

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Trigger Squeeze, cont.

• Rifle Movement. Trigger squeeze is important for
  two reasons First, any sudden movement of the
  finger on the trigger can disturb the lay of the
  rifle and cause the shot to miss the target.
  Second, the precise instant of firing should be a
  surprise to the soldier. The soldiers natural
  reflex to compensate for the noise and slight
  punch in the shoulder can cause him to miss the
  target if he knows the exact instant the rifle
  will fire. The soldier usually tenses his
  shoulders when expecting the rifle to fire. It is
  difficult to detect since he does not realize he
  is flinching.

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Trigger Squeeze, cont.

• Trigger Finger. The trigger finger (index finger
  on the firing hand) is placed on the trigger
  between the first joint and the tip of the finger
  (not the extreme end) and adjusted depending on
  hand size, grip, and so on. The trigger finger
  must squeeze the trigger to the rear so the
  hammer falls without disturbing the lay of the
  rifle. When a live round is fired, it is
  difficult to see what effect trigger pull had on
  the lay of the rifle.

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Mechanical Zero

• Mechanically Zeroing the M16A2/A3. Mechanically
  zeroing the weapon (Figure 2-5) is only necessary
  when the weapon zero is questionable, the weapon
  is newly assigned to the unit, or the weapon
  sights have been serviced. If necessary, the
  soldier should mechanically zero the weapon as
  follows

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Mechanical Zero, cont.

• (a) Adjust the front sight post (1) up or down
  until the base of the front sight post is flush
  with the front sight post housing (2).

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Mechanical Zero, cont.

• (b) Adjust the elevation knob (3)
  counterclockwise, as viewed from above, until the
  rear sight assembly (4) rests flush with the
  carrying handle and the 8/3 marking is aligned
  with the index line on the left side of the
  carrying handle.

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Mechanical Zero, cont.

• (c) Position the apertures (5) so the unmarked
  aperture is up and the 0-200 meter aperture is
  down. Rotate the windage knob (6) to align the
  index mark on the 0-200 meter aperture with the
  long center index line on the rear sight assembly.

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Sight Adjustment, cont.
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Sight Adjustment, cont.

• Windage is adjusted by moving the rear sight
  aperture LEFT or Right
• Do not confuse the windage knob with the
  elevation knob

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Sight Adjustment, cont.

• When adjusting elevation (front sight), one
  square in your zero target one click on the
  sight
• When adjusting windage (rear sight), one square
  in your zero target 3 clicks on the sight

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Shot Groups
Shot groups with no firer error
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Shot Groups, cont.
Shot groups with firer error
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Alternate Course Target
Prone Unsupported 4 Shots per target
Prone Supported 4 Shots per target
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Safety Requirements

• Weapons should be considered loaded at all times
  while on the range
• DO NOT point your weapon at anyone
• Keep weapon pointed UP and DOWNRANGE at all
  times
• Do not touch your weapon it there are personnel
  downrange

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Safety Requirements, cont.

• No horse playing
• Any one can call CEASE FIRE if an unsafe act is
  observed
• Do not load your weapon until directed to do so
• Take all instructions from the RSO

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Clearing a Weapon
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RangeOrientation
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Clearing Barrel Instructions
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Uniform Requirements

• Properly Fitted Helmet
• Load-Bearing Equipment
• Individual Body Armor
• Cold /or Wet Weather Gear (optional)

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Other Requirements

• Lunch
• Water
• Study Materials

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Review
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Hands-On Training