Pearson Prentice Hall Physical Science: Concepts in Action

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Pearson Prentice Hall Physical Science Concepts
in Action

• Chapter 9
• Carbon Chemistry

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9.1 Carbon Compounds

• Objectives
• 1. Define organic compound
• 2. Distinguish saturated from unsaturated
  hydrocarbons
• 3. Describe the formation, composition uses of
  fossil fuels
• 4. Describe the effects of some products of the
  combustion of fossil fuels

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Definition of Organic Compound

• An organic compound contains carbon and hydrogen
• Organic compounds are often combined with other
  elements such as oxygen and nitrogen
• Carbon has 4 valence electrons
• Carbon can form 4 single covalent bonds, one
  double bond plus 2 single bonds, or a triple bond
  and a single bond
• Most bonds in organic compounds are
  carbon-to-carbon or carbon-to-hydrogen

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Saturated versus Unsaturated

• Definition a hydrocarbon is an organic compound
  that contains carbon hydrogen
• Definition a saturated hydrocarbon contains all
  single bonds
• Properties of hydrocarbons are determined by atom
  arrangement straight chains, branched chains or
  rings
• Definition an unsaturated hydrocarbon contains
  one or more double or triple bonds

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Fossil Fuels

• Definition fossil fuels are mixtures of
  hydrocarbons formed from the remains of plants or
  animals
• Three types of fossil fuels are coal (from
  ancient ferns), natural gas (from marine
  organisms) petroleum (oil- from marine
  organisms)
• Fossil fuels produce energy through combustion
• The primary products of fossil fuel combustion
  are carbon dioxide and water

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Effects of Fossil Fuels

• Incomplete combustion of fossil fuels can produce
  small particles of carbon which is harmful if
  inhaled
• In certain parts of the country, the water vapor
  and carbon dioxide produced combines in ways to
  produce carbonic acid, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
  oxides and sulfuric acid
• These acids rain back on earth to produce acid
  rain
• Acid rain damages buildings, statues, cars
  (metal), concrete and pollutes ponds and lakes