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RESOURCES FROM EARTH

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Title: RESOURCES FROM EARTH


1
RESOURCES FROMEARTHS WATERS
  • OCEANS, BAYS, LAKES,RIVERS PONDS, STREAMS ETC.

2
WORLD POPULATION
3
How Much of Our Food Supply Comes from Earths
Water
  • 1 of food comes from the sea
  • Earths Waters Supply 10 of the protein consumed
    by humans

4
Kinds of Food From Earths Waters
  • Finfish make up 85 of world catch followed by
    shellfish (mollusk and crustaceans)
  • Finfish come from - 86 ocean, 14
    freshwater
  • Shellfish- 15 mostly from the ocean

5
Kinds of Food From Earths Water contd
  • Freshwater fisheris comprise 18 of the global
    catch, and it is growing!
  • Seafood accounts for 15 of the total animal
    protein consumed worldwide!!
  • (a very large number considering only1 of food
    comes from the sea/rivers/lakes.

6
Types of Fish and Shellfish
  • Benthic and Demersal live at or near the
    bottom of the sea in COLD Waters (ex. Flounder,
    lobsters, crabs, whiting)
  • Clupeoid live in schools near surface on
    continental shelf ex. Herrings (sardines),
    Menhaden, Shads
  • Pelagic Open water fish (ex. Squid, Tuna,
    Swordfish)

7
Benthic Fish KING CRAB
  • Live at or near the
  • bottom of the sea

8
COLD WATER DEMERSAL FISH
  • Live near or around the bottom of the continental
    shelf
  • Examples
  • Cod, Pollack, haddock, hakes, whiting
  • Caught in trawls

9
COD
10
WHITING
11
POLLACK
12
Benthic Fish
  • Flounder
  • Flat fish
  • Eyes on one side
  • Camouflage to
  • match color of
  • the sand

13
Benthic Fishing Techniques
  • Caught with trawls-dragged along the bottom of
    the sea. TRAWLING

14
FISHING TECHNIQUES
  • TRAWLING

15
Cod Fishery-Threatened!!
  • 1992-Grand Banks placed moratorium (ended) the
    cod fishery to save them from extinction.
  • 1994-Georges Bank fishery off New England closed
    their operations also.
  • Experts predict the cod will NEVER recover!!!

16
CLUPEOID FISH
  • SARDINES travel in schools near the surface
    along continental shelf

17
CONTINENTAL SHELF
18
CLUPEOID FISH
  • Sardines, shad, herring, menhaden etc.
  • Live in schools
  • Found over continental shelf
  • Caught using purse seines
  • Eaten fresh, canned or pickled
  • Ground into fish flour or Fish Protein Concentrate

19
Fishing TechniquesPurse Seine Nets
20
FISHING TECHNIQUES
  • PURSE SEINE

21
CLUPEOID FISH
  • Used to produce fish oil
  • Used to make fish meal for poultry feed
  • Used to make fertilizer
  • Industrial catches may result in overfishing
    because they naturally fluctuate in population
    and fisherman are unaware of their low cycles
  • 1940s sardine fishery collapsed

22
Purse Seine Catches
23
CLUPEOID FISH
  • HERRINGS

24
CLUPEOID FISH
  • MENHADEN

25
Sardines and Anchovies
26
PELAGIC FISH
  • Open Water Fish
  • Billfish (Striped marlin, Blue marlin, Black
    marlin Sailfish, Swordfish)
  • Tuna (Yellowfin, Skipjack, Bonito)
  • Jacks (Yellowtail, Amberjack)
  • Dolphinfish (Dorado)
  • Mako shark

27
Tuna
28
TUNA
  • Skipjack, yellow fin, big eye, albacore, blue
    fin
  • Eaten raw in sashami
  • Caught in gill nets, large sienes and long lines
  • Blue fin can sell for up to 350.00 a pound
  • Tuna population is down 10
  • Fish nations would not declare it an endangered
    species, but in 1995 agreed to restrict catches
    to 50 of current catches

29
Fishing Techniques-Pelagic Fish
  • Pelagic Fish are caught using large seines,
    surface longlines and gill nets.

30
COMMERCIAL FISHINGIN THE PAST
  • Early fishing methods

31
FISHING TECHNIQUES
32
FISHING TECHNIQUES
  • LONG LINES-Pelagic Fish

33
LONG LINES-Pelagic Fish
34
FISH NET
35
GILL NET-Benthic/Demersal Fish
36
Marlin
37
SKIPJACK TUNA
38
Blue Fin Tuna
39
YELLOW FIN TUNA
40
YELLOWFIN TUNA
41
ALBACORE TUNA
42
SWORDFISH

43
MAKO SHARK

44
FINNING
  • Many sharks
  • Are caught and
  • Killed ONLY
  • For their fins!!
  • Then thrown
  • Back into the
  • Water to drown/die at sea.
  • Fins sold to China for Shark Fin Soup ?

45
HW-Textbook pages 355-377Questions on Resources
from the Sea Chapter.
46
Total Marine Catches from 1990 to 1995
Total Marine Catches (million tons) 1990 (million tons) 1995
Fishes 69.36 73.07
Mollusks 7.73 10.61
Crustaceans 4.50 5.65
TOTALS 97.97 112.91
47
MOLLUSK
  • Second to finfish, mollusks are the most valuable
    food source
  • Mollusks-Soft-body protected by a calcium
    carbonate shell.
  • Largest catches include clams, scallops mussels,
    oysters, abalone, squid, and octopus

48
MOLLUSKS
49
Fishing for Mollusks
  • Shellfish-clams, oysters, scallops are caught
    using a scallop dredge or traps sitting on the
    seafloor.

50
SCALLOP DREDGE
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52
Pink Spiny Lobster
53
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57
LOBSTERS, CRABS AND SHRIMP
58
CRUSTACEANS
  • Crabs
  • Lobster
  • Shrimp
  • Caught in traps and trawls that are dragged along
    the seafloor.

59
LOBSTER TRAP
60
LOBSTER IN TRAP
  • Lobster and Crab Fishing Today

61
SEAWEED
  • Varieties of freshwater and marine algae are
    popular as a food source in the far east
  • Often used in sushi, sashimi, and soup

62
SEAWEEDS
  • Seaweed is used in many cultures. It can be
    consumed raw, cooked, dried. Contains substantial
    amounts of protein

63
SEA URCHIN (UNI)
  • Roe (eggs and organs that make the eggs) demands
    an incredibly high price in Japan

64
Caviar
  • Caviar is an expensive delicacy consisting of the
    unfertilized eggs (roe) of sturgeon brined with a
    salt solution .

65
STURGEON
66
SEA CUCUMBERS
  • Called TREPANG OR BECHE-DE-MER are dried, smoked,
    or eaten raw in orient

67
JELLIES
  • Jellies are dried and eaten in China

68
POLYCHEATE WORMS
  • Eaten in South Pacific

69
Lab-Medicines from the Sea p.176
70
SEA TURTLES
  • Sea Turtles and their eggs are eaten wherever
    found

71
SEALS AND WHALES
  • Still eaten, particularly in Arctic, West Indies,
    and South Pacific

72
MINKE WHALES
73
BELUGA WHALES
74
NEW YORK STATESENDANGERED FISH SPECIES
  • Shortnose Sturgeon   
  • Silver Chub  
  •  Pugnose Shiner 
  •   Round Whitefish  
  •  Bluebreast Darter   
  • Gilt Darter   
  • Spoonhead Sculpin   
  • Deepwater Sculpin   

75
How Much Fishing is Too Much?
  • Optimal Catch vs. Over-fishing
  • Renewable Resources are composed of living
    organisms that can reproduce and replace
    individuals lost to disease and predators
    including humans.
  • Nonrenewable resources would not be replaced
    naturally and would include oil and minerals.

76
Over-Fishing
  • Catch them faster than they reproduce.
  • A population of fishes are over-fished and the
    stock ( size of population) is reduced to a level
    which can still reproduce successfully, fisheries
    will cease to exist for a short time, then
    rebound.

77
Successful Reproduction
  • Depends on a Proper Stocking
  • Too many organisms lead to overcrowding,
    excessive competition, and depletion of food
    resources.
  • Too few organisms produce too few young to
    maintain a proper self-sustaining stock.
  • Fish do best when there are not too many and not
    too few. OPTIMAL

78
MAXIMUM SUSTAINABLE YIELD
  • The amount of fish that can be caught and just
    balance the growth of the population.
  • Catch just enough fish to prevent population
    growth, but not enough to reduce the population.

79
Maximum Sustainable Yield Graph
80
PROBLEMS WITH MAINTAINING MAXIMUM SUSTAINABLE
YIELD
  • Fisheries strive to exceed maximal sustainable
    yield or optimal catch.
  • Overfishing has already affected almost all
    commercial fisheries.
  • Stocks of cod, haddock, herring, halibut, shark,
    and wild salmon are in danger.
  • Fish stocks are damaged by pollution from oil
    spills, sewage, and toxic chemicals.

81
Problems Determining Maximum Sustainable Yield
  • Not easy to determine
  • Variation caused by catching fish when they are
    too young or catching them before or after
    breeding season may make all the difference.
  • No exact science about regulating stocks of fish

82
Problems from the PastSardines
  • 1940-Pacific Sardine fishery collapsed due to
    heavy fishing that coincided with a low point in
    their reproductive cycle.

83
Problems of TodayBluefin Tuna
  • Tunas-Northern bluefin tuna one of the largest
    bony fish is very valuable. Their popluation is
    down to less than 10 of their former numbers in
    the Western Atlantic.
  • Nations are slow to respond, refusing to list it
    as endangered.
  • 1995-Agreed to reduce catch limits by 1/2

84
Problems of TodaySwordfish
  • Swordfish-Close to commercial extinction.
  • Stocks fallen 70 since 1960.
  • 88 of swordfish caught in 1995 were too young to
    reproduce!!!

85
Other Threats
  • Pollution
  • Oil spills
  • Sewage overflow
  • Toxic Chemicals
  • Fertilizer/pesticide runoff into oceans/lakes
  • Habitat loss
  • Destruction of breeding grounds

86
Possible Remedies
  • Set fishing limits below what we think is the
    optimal catch
  • Limit the length of fishing season
  • Restricting the size or number of boats
  • Regulating the size and the sex of fish caught
  • Certain methods of fishing can be eliminated (ex.
    Trawls) or size of nets

87
MORE REMEDIES
  • Control the areas of the sea to be fished
  • Safe fish farming

88
Fishing and Life
  • Many people are effected by the success or
    failure of fisheries
  • Cannery
  • Dock workers
  • Boating and fishing gear industries
  • Bankers
  • Fisherman
  • Local businesses

89
Regulations
  • 1989 United Nations Convention on the Law of the
    Sea established a 200 nautical mile ( 1 nm 1.15
    miles) exclusive economic zone. (EEZ)
  • Within this zone each country controls fishing,
    oil, and mineral resources.

90
New Fisheries
  • Create a market to use junk fish or Bycatch
    such as Alaskan Pollack, Monkfish, Croakers, and
    Sea Robins will be consumed. They are presently
    used to make fish flour, fish sticks and enrich
    processed food.

91
Industrial Fisheries
  • Catch is used for purposes other than human
    consumption (fish oil, margarine, paint, pet
    food, fertilizer)
  • Industrial fisheries account for over 1/3 worlds
    total fish.
  • Most clupeoid fish are used for FPC or fish flour.

92
AquacultureFish Farming
  • Can reduce pressure on the oceans for protein
  • It is the commercial breeding and raising of fish
    for human consumption.
  • Chinese have farmed freshwater fish for thousands
    of years
  • Romans have raised oysters
  • Videos\Aquaculture safer method.asf

93
Fish Farm
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96
Catfish Farming
97
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101
Fish Farming Benefits
  • Provide a plentiful inexpensive source of food
    specifically protein for a large population
  • Easier and can be less expensive than catching
    wild fish
  • May help prevent extinction of some species

102
Limitations and Problems with Fish Farming
  • Only a small number of fish species can be farm
    raised
  • Clupeoid fishes need open ocean spaces and would
    not survive on a farm
  • Parasites and diseases are a concern
  • Cannibalism
  • Need expensive filters and pools free of pollution

103
Limitations and Problems of Fish Farming
  • Use of artificial feed sources (ex. Chicken feed
    or Junk Fish)
  • Concentration of Carcinogens (ex. PCP ) in some
    populations.
  • Effect on local environment

104
Salmon Farming
  • Hatch in freshwater habitats from 0-18months
  • At 18months they are moved offshore into pens in
    the ocean. Stimulates normal lifecycle.

105
Salmon Farming-Problems
  • Waste concentrates and builds up in surrounding
    water.
  • Disease spread quickly and easily to other fish
    and fish that are not in the pen.
  • Chemicals given to salmon (antibiotics) may
    affect humans.
  • Farmed salmon have higher levels of PCB, toxic to
    humans!

106
Salmon Farming Problems
  • Sea lice-parasites on fish

107
Video Clips
  • Videos\Fish_Farms.asf
  • Videos\Fish_Farming_.asf
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