Basic Physical Principles

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Basic Physical Principles

• ASTR 4 Life in the Universe

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Topic

• Category of Energy
• Temperature Heat
• Mass, Energy and Matter

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Basic Category of Energy

• Kinetic Energy
• energy of motion ( K.E. ½ mv2 m mass, v
  speed )
• Potential Energy
• energy being stored
• Example Chemical energy
• Radiative Energy
• energy carried by light

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Temperature Scale
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More About Kinetic Energy
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Mass, Energy, and Matter

• Definition of Mass
• mass-vs-weight
• Mass-Energy Relation (Einstein 1905)
• E mc2 m mass, c speed of light
• Atomic Structure
• Protons, neutrons, electrons
• Molecular Structure
• States (Phases) of Matter

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Atomic Structure I
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Atomic Structure II
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Origin of Chemical Elements

• The Big Bang
• All Hydrogen in the Universe
• Most of the Helium
• Low Mass Stars
• Mass loss due to stellar evolution, especially
  during the planetary nebula phase
• Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen
• High Mass Stars
• Last stage of stellar evolution which high mass
  stars will explode supernova
• Heavy elements beyond Iron

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Nuclear Reactions In Stars
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Nuclear Reactions in Stars
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Planetary Nebula
MyCn 18 at 2.5 kpc
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Supernova SN1987A
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Nuclear Binding Energy
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Molecular Structure

• Simple definition of a molecule more than one
  atoms bind together to form a new chemical
  compound
• Basic chemical bonding mechanism
• Covalent bonds
• Ionic bonds
• Metallic bonds
• Hydrocarbon bonds

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Covalent Ionic Bonds
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Covalent Bonds of Water
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Ionic Bonds of Sodium Chloride
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Metallic Bonds
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Hydrocarbon Bonds of Methane
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Some Organic Compound
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Ring Structures
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