Church Reform and the Crusades

1
Church Reform and the Crusades

• Objectives
• Explain the spiritual revival and Church reforms
  that began in the 11th century.
• Describe the Gothic cathedrals of the 12th
  century.
• Summarize the causes of the Crusades and analyze
  the effects of the Crusades.

2
The Age of Faith

• Problems in the Church
• In the 11th century, Church reformers were most
  distressed about three main issues
• Many village priests married and had families
• Simony Practice of bishops selling positions in
  the Church
• Using the practice of lay investiture, kings
  appointed church bishops
• Church reformers believed the church alone could
  appoint bishops
• Reform and Church Organization
• Popes enforced laws against simony and the
  marriage of priests
• Church was restructured to resemble a kingdom,
  with the pope at its head
• Church collected taxes

3
The Age of Faith

• New Religious Orders
• Friars Church disciples that traveled the land
  spreading the word of God
• Francis of Assisi Founded the Franciscan order
  of friars
• Treated all living things as spiritual equals
• Cathedrals Cities of God
• Cathedrals Large churches built in city areas
• Viewed as the representation of the City of God
• A New Style of Church Architecture
• Gothic (1100s) Architectural style
  characterized by tall ornate spires and large
  stained glass windows
• Design was meant to inspire worshipers with the
  magnificence of God

4
The Crusades

• Age of Faith Inspires Wars of Conquest
• In 1093, Pope Urban II issued a call for a holy
  war to recover the control of the Holy Land of
  Jerusalem
• Over the next 300 years, a number of Crusades
  with this goal were launched
• Goals of the Crusades
• The Crusades had economic, social, and political
  goals as well as religious motives
• Muslims controlled Palestine and threatened
  Constantinople
• Pope wanted to reclaim Palestine and reunite
  Christendom, which had split into Eastern and
  Western branches in 1054
• Way to get rid of quarrelsome knights. Younger
  sons, who didnt get inheritance, looking for
  land and position in society.
• Merchants profited by making cash loans to
  finance the journey
• Hoped to win control of key trade routes to Asia
  from Muslim traders

5
The Crusades

• The First and Second Crusades
• 1st- Pope Urbans call for the Crusade received
  strong support
• Those who died on Crusade were assured of a place
  in heaven
• Red Cross
• 1st- Crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099
• Land was carved up into four federal Crusader
  states
• Each state was ruled by a European noble
• 2nd- In 1187, Jerusalem was reclaimed by Muslim
  leader Saladin
• The Third Crusade
• Crusade to recapture Jerusalem from the Muslims
• Led by the King of England, Richard the
  Lion-Hearted
• Truce (1192) Jerusalem would remain under
  Muslim control, but Christian pilgrims could
  freely visit holy places

6
The Crusading Spirit Dwindles

• The Children's Crusade (1212)
• Thousands of children under the age of 18 set out
  to conquer Jerusalem
• Most failed to even reach the Holy Land
• A Spanish Crusade
• In Spain, Muslims (called Moors) controlled most
  of the country until the 1100s
• The Reconquista Long effort by the Spanish to
  drive the Muslims out of Spain
• Succeeded in 1492
• The Inquisition A court held by the church to
  suppress heresy
• Heretics People whose beliefs differed from
  those of the Church
• Persons suspected of heresy might be questioned
  for weeks or even tortured
• Suspects that confessed were burned at the stake

7
The Effects of the Crusades

• Expansion of Trade
• Trade between Europe and Southwest Asia expanded
• Discovery of new goods
• Decline of the Papacy
• The failure of later Crusades weakened to power
  of the pope
• The Crusades weakened the feudal nobility and
  increased the power of kings
• Legacy of the Crusades
• The intolerance and prejudice displayed by
  Christians in the Holy Land left behind a legacy
  of bitterness and hatred
• This legacy continues to the present