Fish Out of Water?

1

• Fish Out of Water?
• Inter-sectoral Conflicts,
• Trade-offs and Synergies in Freshwater
• Resource and Coastal Zone Management

2
Competition and Interactions

• Fisheries and aquaculture compete for space and
  resources in the most contested and
  fastest-developing geographical areas on earth
  coastal zones and river basins
• Coastal zones and river basins provide globally
  significant environmental goods and services
• While many of the interactions within the
  fisheries sector and between the sector and other
  activities are of a competitive or antagonistic
  nature, a number of complementary or synergistic
  interactions may also exist

3
Freshwater Resources

• Inland fish production will continue to face
  increasing competition for water from other uses
• Integration is required in order to facilitate
  sustainable inland fish production
• Use allocation will require close liaison between
  user groups, transparency in the decision-making
  process, cross-sector education
• An important focus is the evaluation and
  management of trade-offs associated with
  infrastructure development

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Freshwater Resources

• Inland fisheries are greatly undervalued in water
  management decisions
• Better valuation methods that pay more attention
  to non-formal values, particularly those
  concerning livelihoods, biodiversity and food
  security are urgently needed
• The ecosystem approach, with its focus on
  maintaining ecosystem functioning, is fundamental
  to managing water for inland fisheries and
  aquaculture

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Freshwater Resources

• Hydrological approaches to water management tend
  to focus on in-stream quantitative flows and
  often ignore the important impacts on quality and
  extent of adjacent floodplains and their
  associated wetlands
• Fisheries and aquaculture can play an important
  role in effective water management across the
  continuum from rain fed to irrigated agriculture,
  and increase the resilience of poor communities

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Coastal Resources

• The livelihood of residents in coastal areas is
  usually directly linked to coastal resource use
• The environments of coastal zones are influenced
  not only by human activity along the coastline
  and in adjoining seas, but also by activities
  inland and in associated watersheds
• These issues are often complex and cross sectoral
  boundaries
• They are difficult to resolve in a single-sector
  management regime.

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Coastal Resources

• Fisheries and aquaculture must be conceived as
  part of wider local, regional and national
  (scale) economic development and resource
  management strategies (nested)
• The entire process is closely linked to the
  institutional and organizational context in which
  the fisheries and aquaculture sector operates
• A major challenge is to modify the existing
  context in order to achieve preferred patterns of
  coastal resource use.

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Coastal Resources

• Marine protected areas (MPAs) can be considered
  components of ICM programs because they protect
  the biodiversity and ecological processes
• MPAs have come to be advocated as the solution
  for all fisheries and ecosystem management
  problems
• MPA management must be coordinated and integrated
  with coastal and fisheries management activities
  outside the boundaries and linked to development
  programs that address the needs of local people

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Governance, Decisions and Trade-Offs

• Improved governance processes are needed that
  facilitate compromise by stakeholders and favor
  integrated resource management
• New institutional arrangements are needed to link
  decisions on upstream uses and resource
  management to those for managing downstream uses
  (integrated aquatic resource management)
• Decentralization reforms to local levels
• Clearly defined goals and responsibilities to
  address issues at different scales

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Principles for Investment

• Support institutional and governance reforms that
  link decision-making across sectors and across
  multiple scales of intervention
• Integrate an ecosystem-based approach into
  infrastructure planning
• Adopt multi-criteria analysis for water
  allocation and use environmental flow assessment
  as a way to quantify the environmental criteria

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Principles for Investment

• Strengthen watershed and coastal zone management
  bodies with strong civil society representation
• Invest in local capacity to assess and weigh the
  livelihood implications of alternative resource
  management scenarios

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Implementing the Principles

• Investing in integrated aquatic resource
  management
• Xiamen, China
• Batangas Bay, Philippines
• Tanzania

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Implementing the Principles

• Xiamen, China

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Implementing the Principles

• Xiamen, China
• As a consequence of industrialization and
  urbanization increased population growth uses
  of coastal and marine resources diversified and
  intensified resulting in severe space
  competition, resource-use conflicts, and
  pollution.
• weak institutional capability
• lack of integrated planning and coordination
• inadequate legislation for effective resolution
  of multiple resource-use conflicts
• poor law enforcement
• weak marine environmental consciousness

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Implementing the Principles

• Xiamen, China
• Lead Xiamen Municipal Government with PEMSEA
  (GEF, UNDP) 1994-2008
• Investment demonstrate the application of
  integrated coastal management (ICM) for effective
  prevention, control and mitigation of marine
  pollution
• Executive Committee involving over 20 government
  agencies
• Institutional mechanism for interagency
  consultation, coordination and review
• A shared vision and commitment for change

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Implementing the Principles

• Xiamen, China
• Strategic environmental management plans
• Marine Management and Coordination Committee
• Integrated law enforcement legislation
• Sea-use zoning
• Citizen participation and awareness building
• Marine Pollution Monitoring Program

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Implementing the Principles

• Tanzania
• Tanzania Coastal Management Partnership
• National Environmental Management Council and
  URI-CRC (USAID) 1997-ongoing
• Investment improve the well being of coastal
  residents and their environment through the
  implementation and strengthening of the Tanzania
  National Coastal Strategy 2002

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Implementing the Principles

• Tanzania
• Decentralization to districts for implementation
• District ICM action plan integrated with
  collaborative fisheries management plan
• Human and institutional capacity development
• Mariculture and tourism guidelines
• Broad participation of stakeholder
• Establishment of MPAs

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Implementing the Principles

• Batangas Bay, Philippines

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Implementing the Principles

• Batangas Bay, Philippines
• Industrial center and shipping hub
• Inadequate and fragmented environmental and
  natural resource-use policies, plans and programs
  
• Lack of legal and institutional mechanisms for
  integrated management
• Limited knowledge and capability of local
  stakeholders on integrated environmental
  management

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Implementing the Principles

• Batangas Bay, Philippines
• PEMSEA (GEF, UNDP) 1994-2004
• Investment demonstrate the application of
  integrated coastal management (ICM) for
  environmental protection
• Batangas Integrated Environmental Protection
  Council
• Private-public partnership
• Strategic management plan

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Implementing the Principles

• Batangas Bay, Philippines
• Sustainable cost sharing mechanism with private
  sector
• Sea use zoning
• Public awareness and participation
• Improvements in environmental quality and
  institutional coordination for management

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Scaling up

• Investment opportunities in integrated aquatic
  resources management
• Build interagency, intersectoral, and
  intergovernmental partnerships for sustainable
  development
• Balance conservation and economic development
• Strengthen technical and institutional capacities
• Improved water and coastal resource allocation
• Fuller participation of stakeholders

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