Title: PSYC 2201 Personality Chapter 11 Outline for Weiten (2005)
1PSYC 2201Personality Chapter 11 Outline for
Weiten (2005)
- Bill Hill
- Kennesaw State University
2Defining Personality
- An individuals unique combination of attitudes,
beliefs and behaviors. - Personality is generally assumed to be
- Consistent
- Distinctive
3Trait Approaches
- Characteristic behavior patterns (and ways of
thinking) that are relatively consistent across
similar situational contexts - Traits are often described using common
adjectives such as friendly, outgoing, moody,
trustwothy, etc.
4Trait Approaches
- The Five-Factor Model of Personality Traits
(McCrae Costa) - Agreeableness
- Conscientiousness
- Openness to experience
- Extraversion
- Neuroticism
5Trait Approaches
- Contemporary Research on Traits
- Sensation-Seeking
- Self-Monitoring
6Evaluating Trait Approaches
- Primarily descriptive model that does not
adequately either explain why a behavior occurs
or predict behavior - Questions as to whether the Big Five Traits are
too many or not enough
7Theories of Personality
- The major theories that we will discuss are
primarily focused on identifying the origins of
personality, not the relationship between
personality and behavior. - Personality theories are also key to
understanding both the origins of abnormal
behavior and the approaches to the treatment of
abnormal behavior.
8Theories of Personality
- The four basic theories of personality
- Psychodynamic
- Behavioral
- Humanistic
- Biological
9Psychodynamic Theories
- All of these approaches originate from Freud and
emphasize unconscious processes that influence
traits and behaviors - The basic element in common is conflict. The
resolution of these conflicts between the
individual and either unconscious or societal
pressures, determines personality.
10Psychodynamic Theories
- The Big Four
- Freud
- Jung
- Adler
- Erikson
11Freud
- Basic assumptions underlying Freuds approach to
personality - Behavior (personality) is determined and
controlled by unconscious factors - Foundations for adult personality laid during
childhood - Primary role of sexual urges
12Freud
- Structures of Personality
- Id
- Ego
- Superego
- It is the dynamic interaction between these
three structures that results in observed behavior
13Freud
- Levels of Consciousness
- Conscious
- Preconscious
- Unconscious
14Freud
- Stages of Personality Development
- Oral (mouth)
- Anal (anus)
- Phallic
- Oedipal Complex
- Penis Envy
- Latency
- Genital
15Freud
- Defense Mechanisms
- Repression
- Projection
- Displacement
- Reaction Formation
- Regression
- Rationalization
- Identification
16What is the Defense Mechanism?
- John thought that almost everyone but himself
was cheating on the psychology exam. - Repression
- Projection
- Displacement
- Reaction Formation
- Regression
- Rationalization
- Identification
17What is the Defense Mechanism?
- Lisa was embarrassed when she kept forgetting
her appointment with the dentist. - Repression
- Projection
- Displacement
- Reaction Formation
- Regression
- Rationalization
- Identification
18What is the Defense Mechanism?
- Although Joan had not been close to her mother
during her childhood she was now so
oversolicitous of her mothers health that her
marriage was being threatened. - Repression
- Projection
- Displacement
- Reaction Formation
- Regression
- Rationalization
- Identification
19What is the Defense Mechanism?
- Curt began assuming many of the behaviors and
characteristics of the professor he most feared.
- Repression
- Projection
- Displacement
- Reaction Formation
- Regression
- Rationalization
- Identification
20What is the Defense Mechanism?
- After her new baby brother came home from the
hospital the parents discovered Cheryl had
dismembered her favorite doll. - Repression
- Projection
- Displacement
- Reaction Formation
- Regression
- Rationalization
- Identification
21What is the Defense Mechanism?
- A student attributed his flunking out of the
university to the poor quality of teaching there.
- Repression
- Projection
- Displacement
- Reaction Formation
- Regression
- Rationalization
- Identification
22What is the Defense Mechanism?
- Tommy began wetting his pants again after the
birth of his baby brother. - Repression
- Projection
- Displacement
- Reaction Formation
- Regression
- Rationalization
- Identification
23Jung
- Although also emphasizing the unconscious like
Freud, he proposed different layers - Personal Unconscious
- Collective Unconscious
24Adlers Individual Psychology
- De-emphasizing the sexual focus of Freud, Adler
believed the energy driving personality
development is a striving for superiority - Compensation
- Inferiority Complex
- Emphasis on social context (e.g., birth order)
25Evaluating Psychodynamic Approaches
- Vague and untestable
- Lack of objective supporting evidence
- Claims of sexism in Freuds theory
26Behavioral Approaches
- Premise from behaviorism that behaviors that
constitute ones consistent traits and actions
are learned through behavioral principles of
conditioning (operant and classical) and
observational learning
27Radical Behaviorism Personality(Skinner)
- Internal processes omitted
- Focus is solely on environmental factors that
shape and determine observed behaviors - Personality (as defined by response tendencies)
can easily change across ones life
28Social Learning Theory(Bandura)
- Although out of the behavioral tradition,
Bandura incorporates cognitive influences - Reciprocal Determinism
- Perspective that behavior tendencies are the
result of an interaction between cognition,
environment and observed behavior
29Social Learning Theory(Bandura)
- Observational Learning
- Ability to imitate
- Role of the model
- Consequences of models behavior (Vicarious
conditioning) - Attention to model (higher when model liked or
respected and seen as similar to observer) - Self-Efficacy
30Social Learning Theory(Mischel)
- Emphasized role of situational factors, thus
raising questions as to whether behavior is
consistent (person emphasis) or varies with ones
perception of the situational context - Response choices are a function then of the
persons perception of the consequences
associated with a response and consequence
likelihood for the same behavior varies across
situations
31Evaluating Behavioral Approaches
- Question of application of fundamental
principles developed through animal research to
humans - De-emphasis of role of cognitive factors and
free will by radical behaviorists - Lack of unifying structure of personalityit is
simply characterized as set of acquired behaviors
32Humanistic Approaches
- Key Elements
- Emphasis on human uniqueness and potential for
personal growth. - As counterpoint to both Psychodynamic and
Behavioral approaches, also includes strong
emphasis on human free will - Adopts phenomenological approach to understanding
human behavior
33Person-Centered Theory(Rogers)
- Key personality construct is the self or
Self-Concept, which is ones collection of
beliefs about - who he or she is (often described using traits)
- typical behavior patterns
34Person-Centered Theory(Rogers)
- Personality (self-concept) is largely developed
as a function of childhood and adolescent
experiences that are related to the interplay
between an individuals need for affection and
acceptance and parenting practices. - Conditional love
- Unconditional love
35Person-Centered Theory(Rogers)
- Subjectively we try to maintain a match between
our self-concept and our behavioral experiences. - The degree of congruence (match) or incongruence
(mismatch) between self-concept and experience
that determines ones mental health.
36Self-Actualization Theory(Maslow)
- Hierarchy of Needs (Human Motivations)
- Physiological
- Safety Security
- Belongingness Love
- Esteem
- Cognitive
- Aesthetic
- Self-Actualization
37Evaluating Humanistic Approaches
- Vague and untestable
- Lacks strong research base to support claims
- Idealized view of human nature that may be
overly optimistic (e.g., Maslows self-actualized
person)
38Biological Approaches
- Basic premise is that personality tendencies
(traits) may be genetically influenced
39Biological Approaches(Eysenck)
- Eysencks theory combines elements from trait
and behavioral approaches to personality - Although basically a trait approach, his premise
is that trait tendencies are genetically
determined. Actual observed traits are then
shaped through conditioning.
40Biological Approaches(Eysenck)
- Eysencks Fundamental Traits
- Extraversion-Introversion
- Neuroticism
- Psychoticism
41Behavioral Genetics
- Evidence that suggests personality traits are
inherited - Twin studies
- Variability in personality traits despite shared
family environment - Possibility of detecting specific genes related
to traits
42Evolutionary Perspectives
- Traits, such as the Big Five, have emerged
through natural selection. Supporting evidence
includes - Cross-cultural consistency in the Big Five
- Adaptive viability of the Big Five for survival
43Evaluating Biological Approaches
- Limitations on accuracy of heritability ratios
- Fails to adequately address the interaction
between nature and nurture - No unifying theory
44Culture Personality
- Cultural and sociohistorical factors have
influenced many of the major theories discussed,
particularly the Psychodynamic and Humanistic
approaches. - What may be characterized as a personality ideal
in one culture is not necessarily to same in
another.
45Culture Personality
- Variations in Self-Concept
- Western Ideal independent self
- Asian Ideal interdependent self
46Imagine that several psychologists are having
lunch together, and that you are eavesdropping on
their conversation. Which type of psychologist
is MOST likely to have made each of these
comments?
- Aggression is a human instinct. Although
society may control it somewhat, we can never
eliminate it. - Humanistic
- Biological/evolutionary
- Psychoanalytic
- Behavioral
47Imagine that several psychologists are having
lunch together, and that you are eavesdropping on
their conversation. Which type of psychologist
is MOST likely to have made each of these
comments?
- Your student may be under a lot of pressure, but
that is no excuse for cheating. We are
personally responsible for what we do. - Humanistic
- Biological/evolutionary
- Psychoanalytic
- Behavioral
48Imagine that several psychologists are having
lunch together, and that you are eavesdropping on
their conversation. Which type of psychologist
is MOST likely to have made each of these
comments?
- There are not any values inherent in human
nature. Values are acquired in the same way we
learn to say please and thank you. - Humanistic
- Biological/evolutionary
- Psychoanalytic
- Behavioral
49Imagine that several psychologists are having
lunch together, and that you are eavesdropping on
their conversation. Which type of psychologist
is MOST likely to have made each of these
comments?
- People just dont want to believe that infants
get sexual pleasure from sucking and exploring
anything they get in their hands with their
mouth. - Humanistic
- Biological/evolutionary
- Psychoanalytic
- Behavioral