Introduction%20to%20Latin%20America

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Introduction to Latin America

• Pol. Sci. 422

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Islam Poised to Strike Catholic Christianity
(Pre-conquest)
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Conquest 711Re-conquest is underway by 750
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The Caliphate of Cordoba c. 1000 at the apogee of
Al-Mansur.
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Moslem Spain was a Center of European
Civilization
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Spain Portugal Following the Re-conquest
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Expulsion of Moors in 1492 leads to interest in
the Atlantic Region
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Spain Establishes its Presence in the Caribbean
Basin 1492 1515

• Hispanola first center of imperial power
• Cuba supplants Hispanola as the center of Spanish
  power in the Caribbean (1515)
• Conquest of the mainland emanates from Havana

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Conquest of Mexico

• Mexico Falls to Spain 1519
• Moctezumas apprehension
• Noche Triste in Tenochtitlan
• Smallpox and the end of the Aztec empire
• Mexico City becomes the capital of New Spain

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Caribbean Basin
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Conquest of Guatemala

• Maya civilization in decline
• Known as Greeks of New World
• City states at war with each other
• Guatemala Falls to Pedro Alvaraco (1523)
• Cultural genocide of the Mayas

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Conquest of Spanish South America

• Hernando Pizarro sets sale for the South (1530)
• The Nature/Extent of the Inca Empire
• Capture of Atahualpa at Cajamarca
• Ransom and execution
• Cuzco captured (1533)
• Order not consolidated until 1551

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Conquest Spills Over North South

• Spanish occupy Colombian highlands and establish
  Bogotá
• Venezuela a frontier outpost
• Argentina / Viceroyalty de La Plata
• Settled from Peru
• Of secondary importance

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Spanish Colonialism Conflicting Imperial
ideologies

• Aristotilian notion of Juan Gines de Sepulveda
• Thomistic view of Bartolome de las Casas
• Franciscan mysticism of Friar Geronimo de Mendieta

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Spanish Empire in the Americas

• Political
• Territorial organization
• Council of the Indies
• Royal government
• Cabildo

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Spanish Empire in the Americas Social Structure I

• Classes Casts
• Peninsulares
• Criollos
• Mestizos
• Mulattos
• Indians
• Blacks
• Zambos

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Spanish Empire in the Americas Social Structure
II

• Church
• Conversion
• Ideology
• Tied with royal authorities
• Education
• Law
• Medicine
• Theology
• Engineering

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Spanish Empire in the Americas Political Economy

• Agriculture and the repartimientos
• Royal Exchequer
• Spanish commercial system
• Mercantilism
• Embedded privileges
• Industry prohibited (in general)

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Colonial Empire of Portugal
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Portuguese Establish a Presence the New World

• 1500 accidental discovery (Pedro Cabral)
• Indifference gives way to interest
• Profits in dyewood
• French designs
• Fear of Spanish designs
• Stress of maintaining Asian colonies

• Difficulties in holding territory against
  European competitors
• Control by means of system of captaincies (type
  of concession)
• Donatarios
• Similar to English colonies in North America

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Brazil divided into Captaincies
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Portuguese Empire in BrazilForeign Competitors

• Spanish Interlude (1580-1640) gives way to
  rivalry

• Half-hearted efforts at colonization

• British
• French

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The Dutch Challenge 1629 1654

• Dutch Brazil 1641

• Dutch West India Company

• Attempts to repeat its victory in the East Indies
• Capture of Bahia (1624)
• Recife (1630)
• Eventually held 1,200 miles of coast

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Expulsion of the Dutch

• Bahia capital of colonial Brazil

• Turned on military developments in Europe
• Dutch withdrew from Recife in 1654

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Portuguese Consolidate their Brazilian Empire

• Centralization in 1549

• 1789At the time of the Incofidencia Mineira

• Appointment of Capitão Mor (Captain general)
• Bahia is capital of all Brazil
• Capital transferred to Rio de Janeiro in 1763

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Portuguese Empire in Brazil

• Class structure mimics that of the Spanish empire
  but fewer Amerindians and more Africans
• Church is pivotal Europeanizing agency
• Education
• Pivotal role of church
• Most of elite went to Coimbra (Portugal) for
  university education
• City system takes on continental characteristics

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