Erik Erikson

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Erik Erikson

• Coolest sounding name in psychology?

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Ego Psychology

• Stresses the importance of the ego in development
• Freuds view of the ego vs. Eriksons view
• Emphasizes the integration of biological and
  social forces in the development of the ego

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Ego Development

• Occurs in a series of predetermined stages
• Eight stages
• Each stage has a crisis
• A crucial period in which a decisive turn is
  unavoidable
• Stages are dependent on each other
• A positive or negative turn at an earlier stage
  affects later stages

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Oral-Sensory Stage

• Birth 1 year
• Basic trust vs. mistrust
• Similar to Freuds oral stage
• If mother acts in a loving or considerate manner,
  the infant will develop basic trust
• Ego understands people are dependable
• If mother is unreliable or rejecting the infant
  will develop mistrust

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Muscular-Anal Stage

• 2 3 years
• Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
• Similar to Freuds anal stage
• Childs muscles mature, starts to learn how to
  control them
• Parents attempt to teach child to obey them
  conflict of will and power

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Muscular-Anal Stage

• If parents guide their children's behavior
  gradually and firmly
• Autonomy and self-control is engendered
• If too permissive or too harsh
• Child senses defeat and has shame and doubt
  concerning their abilities to make effective
  judgments

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Locomotor-Genital Stage

• 4 5 years
• Initiative vs. doubt
• Similar to Freuds phallic stage
• At this point child senses they are an individual
• Must find out what kind of people they may become

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Locomotor-Genital Stage

• Start to see fantasy play about being an adult
• Occupation
• Various roles
• Marriage (to the opposite sex parent)
• If family understands and guides such play in
  socially acceptable acitivityue
• Initiative is sparked (play more)
• If children are punished for such fantasy play
• Guilt occurs

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Latency Stage

• 6 12 years
• Industry vs. inferiority
• Similar to Freuds latency stage
• Period where children start to learn new skills
• If children succeed they will develop a sense of
  industry
• If children fail they will develop feelings of
  inferiority

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Adolescence

• 13 19 years
• Identity vs. role confusion
• From the previous stages a person has a sense
  they are somebody
• Part of a family
• Sense of independence
• Ability to take initiative
• Able to complete tasks

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Adolescence

• But who are they?
• Identity
• The things we are, the things we want to become,
  and the things we are suppose to become

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Adolescence

• Identity Crisis
• Role confusion
• Who and what one should become
• Embrace simple ideologies of other (heroes)

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Adolescence

• Identity
• Role confusion

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Young Adulthood

• 20 24 years
• Intimacy vs. isolation

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Young Adulthood

• Such relations are only possible after an
  identity has been established
• Share identity
• Must be willing to sacrifice
• Must be willing to regulate the cycles of
• Work
• Procreation
• Recreation

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Young Adulthood

• Success means you have the capacity for intimacy
• Failure means you experience a sense of isolation
• Will not take a chance with your identity
• Love is only superficial

• Success means you have the capacity for intimacy
• Failure means you experience a sense of isolation
• Will not take a chance with your identity
• Love is only superficial

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Middle Adulthood

• 25 64 years
• Generativity vs. stagnation
• Are you going to be productive and contribute to
  the welfare of the next generation?

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Middle Adulthood

• Generativity
• Concerned not only with self development but also
  helping the next generation
• Does not have to involve own children
• Stagnation
• Lack of productivity, boredom, and interpersonal
  impoverishment

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Late Adulthood

• 65 years death
• Ego integrity vs. despair
• Death is near. . . .How was your life?

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Late Adulthood

• Ego integrity
• Adapted to triumphs and disappointments
• Generated ideas (or others)
• Conclude your life had meaning and unity
• Accept your death as part of life

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Late Adulthood

• Despair
• Unable to accept inevitable failures of life
• Had a selfish or uncaring life
• Despair because you know you are going to die
  no way to redo your life

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Eight Stages of Man
Stage Age Ego Crisis
Oral-Sensory Birth 1 Basic trust vs. mistrust
Muscular-Anal 2 3 Autonomy vs. same and doubt
Locomotor-Genital 4 5 Initiative vs. guilt
Latency 6 12 Industry vs. inferiority
Adolescence 13 19 Identity vs. role confusion
Young Adulthood 20 24 Intimacy vs. isolation
Middle Adulthood 25 66 Generativity vs. stagnation
Late Adulthood 65 - death Ego integrity vs. despair
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• It is not things in themselves that trouble us,
  but our opinions of things.
• Change your thoughts and you change your world."
  
• I do not react to some absolute reality, but to
  my perception of this reality. It is this
  perception which for me is reality.

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Awareness is everything!

• Conscious experience is all that matters
• The past is only important if it affects your
  thoughts and feelings now
• Even if reality exists, it doesnt matter
• Note how different from other approaches
• Trait
• Genetic
• Psychodynamic

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Humanistic Psychology

• The study of the mind is different than any other
  science
• The mind is aware!
• The mind is attempting to understand the mind

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Awareness

• Existentialism
• The cs mind has a sense of existence
• Phenomenological
• The phenomenon of experience
• Humanistic
• This phenomenon is uniquely human

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Phenomenological, Humanistic, and Existentialism

• Free will
• Awareness
• Meaning
• Responsibilities of free will
• The object of study are human beings

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Free Will

• Previous approaches
• CS experience is personality
• The UCS mind does not matter
• The past does not matter
• Only times these do matter is if you let them
• Gordon Liddy example

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Awareness

• What does it feel like to exist?
• Umwelt
• Senses you feel as a biological organism
• Mitwelt
• Feelings related to social experiences
• Eigenwelt
• Feelings when you think of your own existence

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• What would you have been like if you. . .
• Were born to an extremely wealth family?
• Were born to an extremely poor family?
• Were born in North Dakota in 1952?
• Were born in England in 1500?

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Thrown-ness

• The circumstances into which you happened to be
  born
• What time period do you think it is most
  difficult to find a sense of meaning?

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Meaning

• Modern times
• Why are you here?
• What should you be doing?
• Angst
• Existential anxiety

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What to do?

• Lucky mud
• Free choice must not blow your chance to find
  meaning
• Not a true meaning, but a personal meaning

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Authentic Existence

• Come to terms with your existence
• Life is shot
• You will die
• You are in control of your choices find meaning
• Still not a happy existence
• Life is shot
• Your will die
• Meaning is only an illusion

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Bad Faith

• Avoid Angst
• Stop worrying about the problems of existence

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Bad Faith

• Problems
• 1) Living a lie
• Might as well just be the unlucky mud
• 2) Still will not be happy
• 3) Still making a choice
• Chosen not to chose is a choice
• Man is condemned to freedom

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Carl Rogers
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Carl Rogers
. . . the most wonderful miracle in the world
took place. .
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Subjective Experiences

• Inner reality more important than objective
  reality
• Inner experiences
• Conscious experiences
• Experiences that can be verbalized or imagined
• Unconscious experiences
• Experiences that cannot be verbalized or imagined

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Self-Actualizing Tendency

• Innate motive toward fulfillment of our
  potentials
• Evidence
• Rat and human studies
• Evolution
• Innate goodness

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So why do people do bad things?

• Infants perceive their experiences as reality

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• Uninhibited by the evaluations of others
• All behavior directed toward satisfying need for
  SA
• Organismic Valuing Process
• SA is the criterion used to make judgments of
  worth

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• As we get older. . . .
• Start to experience a need for positive regard
• Satisfying the needs for others satisfies this
  need

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True self
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True self
Social self Created through contact with others
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True self
Social self Prevents us from getting into touch
with our true self
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True self
Social self Leads to conditions of worth
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So why do people do bad things?

• Social self hinders movement toward SA
• Not behaving like true self causes anxiety
• Anxiety causes defense mechanisms

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So why do people do bad things?
Psychotic
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Positive Development

• Avoid conditions of worth
• Unconditional positive regard
• Congruence between true self and experiences

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Fully Functioning Person

• Open to experience
• Characterized by existential living
• Trust their organisms
• Are creative
• Live rich lives

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Abraham Maslow
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Abraham Maslow
She kissed back and then life began.
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Self-Actualizing Tendency

• Innate motive toward fulfillment of our
  potentials
• Environment can cause problems

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Needs

• Can be biological or instinctive
• A state of affairs which, if present, would
  improve the well being of the person
• Example food

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Needs

• An unsatisfied need will dominate an individual's
  thoughts and behaviors
• Once a need is satisfied it no longer has as much
  influence on a person

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Example
Think about food, fantasizing about a big meal
Thoughts and Fantasies
Have not eaten
Need for food
Hunger
Deficit
Need
Motive
Behaviors
Go to store, buy food, bring it home, cook it
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Group Activity
Thoughts and Fantasies
Deficit
Need
Motive
Behaviors
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Needs

• What needs are basic?
• Physical
• Food, water, air, etc.
• Safety
• freedom from threat, danger, etc.

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Needs

• What needs are basic?
• Social / Belonging
• desire for affiliation, beloning, etc.
• Self-Esteem
• desire for self-confidence, recognition, respect,
  etc.

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Needs

• What needs are basic?
• Self-Actualization
• to become everything one is capable of becoming

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Needs

• Which needs are more salient to survival?
• There is an order that these needs typically
  occur
• Evolutionary explanation

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Need Hierarchy Theory
Physiological Needs
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Need Hierarchy Theory
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
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Need Hierarchy Theory
Social Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
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Need Hierarchy Theory
Self-Esteem Needs
Social Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
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Need Hierarchy Theory
Self-Actualization Needs
Self-Esteem Needs
Social Needs
Safety Needs
Physiological Needs
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Need Hierarchy Theory

• 1) Behavior is dominated by the needs that are
  unfulfilled
• 2) Individuals will satisfy the most basic needs
  first and move up the hierarchy
• 3) Basic needs have higher priority than higher
  needs