The Design of Learning Environments

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The Design of Learning Environments

• Presented by
• Patty Copeland

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Changes in Educational Goals
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Math Through the Decades

• Teaching Math in 1950 A logger sells a truckload
  of lumber for 100. His cost of production is 4/5
  of the price.
• What is his profit?

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Math Through the Decades

• Teaching Math in 1960 A logger sells a truckload
  of lumber for 100. His cost of production is 4/5
  of the price, or 80.
• What is his profit?

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Math Through the Decades

• Teaching Math in 1970 A logger exchanges a set,
  "L", of lumber for a set, "M", of money. The
  cardinality of set "M" is 100. Each element is
  worth one dollar. Make 100 dots representing the
  elements of the set "M." The set "C", the cost
  of production contains 20 fewer points than set
  "M."Represent the set "C" as a subset of set "M"
  
• and answer the following question
• What is the cardinality of the
• set "P" of profits?

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Math Through the Decades

• Teaching Math in 1980 A logger sells a truckload
  of lumber for 100. His cost of production is 80
  and his profit is 20. Your assignment
• Underline the number 20.

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Math Through the Decades

• Teaching Math in 1990 By cutting down beautiful
  forest trees, the Logger makes 20. What do you
  think of this way of making a living? Topic for
  class participation after answering the question
  How did the forest birds and squirrels feel as
  the logger cut down the trees?
• There are no wrong answers.

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Math Through the Decades

• Teaching Math in 2000 A logger sells a truckload
  of lumber for 100. His cost of production is
  120.
• How does an Enron Accountant determine that his
  profit margin is 275?

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Math Through the Decades

• Teaching Math in 2010 El hachero vende un camion
  carga por 100.
• La cuesta de production es . . . .

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Changes in Educational Goals

• 1800s
• Instruction in writing focused on the
  mechanics---oral messages to written messages.
• Writing instruction aimed at giving children the
  capacity to closely imitate very simple text
  forms.

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Changes in Educational Goals

• 1930s
• Primary students were expected to express
  themselves in writing.
• Analysis and interpretation of what is read
  became an expectation of all school children.

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Literacy Then and Now

• Colonist were literate enough if they could sign
  their name, or even an X
• Immigrants arrived in large numbers and schools
  gave them recitation literacy

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Literacy Then and Now

• WWIArmy redefined reading....extraction
  literacywho, what, when, where, or how.
• Nowfull or higher literacyinferences,
  questions, or ideas

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Literacy Then and Now

• The idea of a classroom where young women, poor
  and minority students, and learning disabled
  students all read (not recite) and write about
  (not copy) Shakespeare or Steinbeck is a radical
  and hopeful departure from the long-running
  conception of literacy as serviceable skills for
  the many and generative, reflective reading and
  writing for the few (Wolf, 1988).

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Eighth Grade Test - 1895

• Name and define the fundamental Rules of
  Arithmetic.
• A wagon box is 2 feet deep, 10 feet long, and 3
  feet wide. How many bushels of wheat will it
  hold?
• If a load of wheat weighs 3942 lbs., what is it
  worth at 50 cents/bushel, deducting 1050 lbs. for
  tare?

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Eighth Grade Test - 1895

• What is the cost of 40 boards 12 inches wide and
  16 feet long at 20 per meter?
• Find bank discount on 300 for 90 days (no grace)
  at 10 percent.
• What is the cost of a square farm at 15 per
  acre, the distance which is 640 rods?
• Write a Bank Check, a Promissory Note, and a
  Receipt.

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Eighth Grade Test - 1895

• District No. 33 has a valuation of 35,000. What
  is the necessary levy to carry on a school seven
  months at 50 per month, and have 104 for
  incidentals?
• Find cost of 6720 lbs. of coal at 6.00 per ton.
• Find the interest of 512.60 for 8 months and 18
  days at 7 percent.

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Mass Production in Factories
Providing Mass Education
Vs.

• Structure efficient classrooms
• Children
• Teachers
• Assembly line process to graduation
• Administrators researchers.
• Standardized Test
• Central District Authorities

• Scientific organization of factories
• Raw materials
• Technical workers
• Assembly line process to end product
• Efficiency experts/superiors
• Measurement of product cost and progress
• Management

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Society today

• Envisions graduates of school systems who
• Identify and solve problems
• Make contributions to society through their
  lifetime
• Display the qualities of adaptive expertise

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Why Are We Doing This?
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Perspectives on Learning Environments
Community
Learner Centered
Knowledge Centered
Assessment Centered
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Learner-Centered Environments

• Knowledge, skills, attitudes, and beliefs that
  learners bring
• Culturally responsive, appropriate, compatible,
  and relevant
• Diagnostic teaching

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Learner-Centered Environments

• Students use their current knowledge to construct
  new knowledge.
• What they know and believe at the moment affects
  how they interpret new information.
• Sometimes learners current knowledge supports
  new learning, sometimes it hampers learning.

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Learner-Centered Environments

• Previous Academic
• Knowledge Tasks
• Experiences

Building Background
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Building Background

• Listen to the passage
• Write a description or draw a picture of the main
  character
• Compare your vision of the character to the
  visions of others

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Martin
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Building Background

• What is meant by activating prior knowledge?
• What is meant by building background?
• Do they differ instructionally?

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Building Background

• Building (Knowledge) Background
• Realia
• Demonstrate
• Model
• Pictures

• Activate Prior Knowledge
• Discuss
• Brainstorm
• KWL
• Think-Pair-Share
• Show and Tell

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Frayer Model
Definition (in your own words)
Picture (that will be relevant to you)
Word
Example (from your life experiences)
Non-example (from your life experiences)
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Function that is not constant and is not a
line. ax2 bx c 0 y x2
Quadratic Function
Building Background
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The inverse of the positive side of the quadratic
parent function.
Square Root Function
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Word Wall
proportional
A R E A
A R E A
A R E A
A R E A
lar
i
Sim
Building Background
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Knowledge-Centered Environments

• The ability to think and solve problems requires
  well-organized knowledge that is accessible in
  appropriate contexts.
• Overlaps with Learner-centered
• Begins with concern for students initial
  preconceptions about the subject matter.
• Concerns about what is developmentally
  appropriate at various ages.

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Knowledge-Centered Environments

• Highlights the importance of thinking about
  designs for curricula
• Learning with understanding
• vs.
• promoting the acquisition of disconnected sets of
  facts and skills?

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Assessment-Centered Environments
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Assessment-Centered Environments

• Formative Assessments
• Feedback
• Theoretical Frameworks

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Formats for Assessing Understanding
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Assessment
Lower level - reproduction, procedures, concepts,
definitions
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Assessment
Middle level - connections and integration for
problem solving
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Assessment
Higher level - mathematization, mathematical
thinking, generalization, insight
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Consider the following

• A rectangular prism is 2cm x 4cm by 6cm. One
  dimension is enlarged by a scale factor of 3.
  What is the volume of the enlarged figure?
• A rectangular prism is 2.7cm x 0.45cm by
  609.01cm. One dimension is enlarged by a scale
  factor of 3.5. What is the volume of the
  enlarged figure?
• When a figure is dilated by a scale factor k to
  form a similar figure, the ratio of the areas of
  the two figures is ___ ___ .
• A certain rectangular prism can be painted with n
  liters of paint. The factory enlarged it by a
  scale factor of 3 to make a similar prism. How
  much paint do they need to paint the larger box?

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Assessment Items - Where?
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Assessment Items - Where?

• A rectangular prism is 2cm x 4cm by 6cm. One
  dimension is enlarged by a scale factor of 3.
  What is the volume of the enlarged figure?
• A rectangular prism is 2.7cm x 0.45cm by
  609.01cm. One dimension is enlarged by a scale
  factor of 3.5. What is the volume of the
  enlarged figure?
• When a figure is dilated by a scale factor k to
  form a similar figure, the ratio of the areas of
  the two figures is ___ ___
• A certain rectangular prism can be painted with n
  liters of paint. The factory enlarged it by a
  scale factor of 3 to make a similar prism. How
  much paint do they need to paint the larger box?

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Content-process space of Science Assessments
Science Content Knowledge
Rich
Science Process Skills
Open
Constrained
Lean
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Organized Cognitive Activity Structure of Knowledge Structure of Knowledge
Organized Cognitive Activity Fragmental Meaningful
Problem Representation Surface Features and shallow understanding Underlying principles and relevant concepts
Strategy Use Undirected trial-and-error problem solving Efficient, informative, and goal oriented
Self-Monitoring Minimal and sporadic Ongoing and flexible
Explanation Single statement of fact of description of superficial factors Principled and coherent
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Community-Centered Environments

• Classroom and School Communities
• Value learning
• High standards
• These norms increase opportunities to
• Interact
• Receive feedback
• learn

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Community-Centered Environments

• Connections to the Broader Community
• Homes
• Community centers,
• After-school programs
• businesses

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Television

• Watching Different Kinds of Programs
• Educational
• Purely entertaining
• Effects on Beliefs and Attitudes
• Personal perception
• Perceptions of others

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The Importance of Alignment

• What is taught.
• How it is taught.
• How it is assessed.
• Without this alignment, it is difficult to know
  what is learned!!

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Conclusion

• There needs to be alignment among the four
  perspectives of learning environments.
• They all have the potential to overlap and
  mutually influence each other.

• Student-centered
• Knowledge-centered
• Assessment-centered
• Community-centered

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Thank you!

• pcopeland_at_esc11.net