Leadership Changes in the US and USSR

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Leadership Changes in the US and USSR

• Eisenhowers Roll-Back New Look
  (containment)
• Khrushchevs Peaceful Co-existence

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President Dwight D. Eisenhower

• Sec. of State John Foster Dulles
• Both strong anti-Communists
• Ike ? roll-back Communism
• Liberating countries currently held by the
  Soviets in Eastern Europe

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Roll-Back

• In reality never happened
• Rather than roll-back Ike developed a policy of
  containment called the New Look
• Meant preventing the extension of Soviet
  Communism
• Believed that if the USSR had no opportunity to
  expand the Soviet system would collapse in on
  itself

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Eisenhowers New Look

• Ike ? Containment (New Look) By
• Setting up alliances to encircle the USSR
• (ex. SEATO)
• Using military power to protect vulnerable areas
  (ex. West Berlin)
• Assisting forces fighting Communism
• (ex. Diems govt. in South Vietnam)
• Using the CIA for covert operations more
  extensively than before

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Eisenhowers New Look (contd)

• Symbolized by the appointment of John Foster
  Dulles ? secretary of state
• Ike and Dulles felt there was a need for massive
  retaliation and brinkmanship
• Both were determined not to let the US get pulled
  into another conventional war like Korea

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Massive Retaliation

• Strategy In case of attack from an aggressor, a
  state would retaliate with force disproportionate
  to the size of the attack
• The Aim to deter an adversary from initially
  attacking
• For it to work
• Must be made public knowledge
• Must believe have a second-strike capability
• Adversary(s) must believe the defending state is
  willing to use nuclear weapons on a massive scale

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Massive Retaliation
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MAD(Mutually Assured Destruction)

• Massive retaliation works on the same principles
  as mutually assured destruction
• But includes the caveat (warning) that even a
  minor conventional attack on a nuclear state
  could conceivably result in all-out nuclear
  retaliation

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Brinkmanship

• Term originally coined by Dulles
• Theory of pushing the military to the brink of
  war in order to convince another nation to follow
  your demands.
• Policy was used to coerce the USSR into backing
  down militarily and was based on the belief the
  US nuclear superiority would force concessions

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Dulles quote from Life
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Ike ? Containment (New Look) By

• Despite the aggression of brinkmanship, Ike aware
  of the dangers of nuclear war
• Also negotiated w/ the Soviets ?
• US-Soviet Summits in 1955 1960

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The USSRs New Course

• Beria executed as a traitor (Dec. 1953)
• Malenkov ? idea of a New Course w/ the West
  Khrushchev later adopted and renamed it peaceful
  coexistence
• Move away from the Leninist doctrine of the
  inevitability of war
• Meant that Communism capitalism should accept
  the continuing existence of one another, rather
  than using force to destroy each other

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A New Course (contd)

• Khrushchev believed that if capitalism was
  deprived of further opportunities for expansion,
  it would die out due to its own inherent
  weaknesses
• Thus, no need to risk nuclear war

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The Three Crises of 1956 and the Second Cold
War 1956-1963

• 1) The Suez Crisis (July 1956)
• 2) Poland Moves Toward Independent Action
• 3) The Hungarian Uprising (July Nov. 1956)

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1) The Suez Crisis (July 1956)

• USSR build close relations w/ Egypt
• US cancels loan for Aswan Dam
• Egypt nationalized the canal
• 29 Oct. thru 5 Nov. Israel, Britain, and France
  invade Egypt
• US condemns the attack in the UN
• 5 Nov. Khrushchev threatens nuclear missile
  attacks
• Cease-fire the following day

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Israel 1949 1956
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Israel Invades the Sinai and French Paratroopers
in Port Said
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2) Poland Moves Toward Independent Action

• June riots in Poznan over work targets
• Polish Communist Party turns to Wladyslaw Gomulka
  to overcome hostilities
• Gomulka gives assurances that Poland would remain
  loyal to the Warsaw Pact
• Khrushchev w/draws troops situation in Hungary
  getting worse

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• Wladyslaw Gomulka (Speech 24 October)

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3) The Hungarian Uprising

• Late October 1956 street fighting erupts as a
  result of Hungarian support for Poles
• Khrushchev ? 30,000 troops (tanks artillery)
• New government formed
• Imre Nagy Communist reformer

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Hungarians in Budapest 1956
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Imre Nagy
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3) The Hungarian Uprising Nagy Threatens Soviet
Power

• He went further than Gomulka in his demands
• Nagy
• 1) Called for the removal of Soviet troops
• 2) Sought the neutralization of Hungary
• 3) Announced plans for the withdrawal from the
  Warsaw Pact
• 4) Planned to share power with non- Communist
  groups

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The Soviet Response

• Early November Soviet troops invade Hungary
• Deposed Nagy - later executed
• Imposed Janos Kadar (loyal to Moscow) as premier

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Janos Kadar in 1958