Organic vs. Inorganic

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Organic vs. Inorganic

• Inorganic lack a carbon-hydrogen combination
• Ex) water, salts (NaCl, KCl)
• Organic substances always contain both carbon and
  hydrogen

C6H12O6 Glucose
C12H22O11
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Macromolecules (Organic)

• Carbohydrates Bread, Potatoes, and Pasta
• Lipids Fats, Butter, and Oils
• Proteins Meats, Peanuts, Beans, and Eggs
• Nucleic acids DNA and RNA

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Carbohydrates

• Elements that make up carbs C H O Always 21
  ratio between H and O
• Function of carbs
• Main energy source
• Structural component cell walls, insects
  exoskeleton
• Used by cells to recognize other cells receptors

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Carbohydrate
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• Monomer of carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides one sugar ex Glucose,
  fructose, galactose chemical formula C6H12O6
• Polymers
• Disaccharides two monomers ex sucrose,
  maltose
• Polysaccharides many monomers ex starch,
  glycogen, cellulose

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Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis
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Lipids

• Examples Fats, Waxes and Oils
• (Mostly C H) no ratio between H and O
• Function of lipids
• Stored energy
• Structural components

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• Lipids are also made of
• Monomers
• 1 glycerol
• 3 fatty acids
• Two types of lipids
• Saturated contains max. H atoms.
• Unsaturated contains some CC bonds.

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Proteins

• Elements of proteins
• C, H, O, N
• Functions
• Control rate of reactions
• Regulates cell processes (enzymes)
• Building materials (collagen elastin,
  coloration pigments)
• Fight disease (antibodies)

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Building blocks of proteins

• amino acids (AA) are monomers or building blocks
  of proteins
• The protein is the Polymers
• proteins are also called polypeptides
• One bonded to another AA
• Peptide bonds are used to bond one amino acid to
  another to form proteins
• AA-AA-AA-AA-AA-AA

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A large protein chain made of small amino
acids http//www.teachertube.com/view_video.php?vi
ewkeyaa818e40a6b8475f0d28
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Amino Acids
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
The shape of Protein molecule is influenced by
the sequence of amino acids in it
Go to Section
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Nucleic Acids

• Elements of nucleic acids C, H, O, N, P
• Function of nucleic acids
• Store transmit genetic info. the building
  blocks to our genetic code (DNA)
• Monomers of nucleic acids are called Nucleotides
• Three nucleotides of nucleic acids are
• 5-C sugar, Nitrogenous base, phosphate group
• Polymer
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• RNA (ribonucleic acid)

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The 2 Types Of Nucleic Acids

• 1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)- our hereditary
  info.
• directs all cell activities
• 1st identified as double helix 1953 by Watson and
  Crick
• 2. RNA (ribonucleic acid)- transcribes hereditary
  info. (copies DNA) to make a protein the body
  needs
• this means that proteins determine the nature
  and activities of the cell

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The Nucleotide

• All nucleotides are identical
• The only difference is the type of nitrogenous
  base they have.
• There are 4 types Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine and
  Thymine.
• These bases pair up in a specific way to make the
  rungs of the DNA Double Helix.

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Energy and Chemical Reactions

• Living things undergo thousands of chemical
  reactions as part of the life process

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• Certain chemical substances (catalysts) can speed
  up or slow down a reaction.
• Biological catalysts are called enzymes
• If it ends in ase it is an enzyme.

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• Enzymes are an important class of catalysts in
  living organisms
• Mostly protein
• Thousands of different kinds
• Each specific for a different chemical reaction

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Enzyme Action

• Enzyme-Substrate Complex
• substrates the reacting molecules the
  substance(s) that the enzyme works on,
• active site that portion of the enzyme into
  which the reacting molecules fit
• product the substance that results from the
  enzymatic activity

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Enzyme Structure

• Enzymes work on substances called substrates
• Substrates must fit into a place on an enzyme
  called the active site
• Enzymes are reusable!
• End in ase

-Sucrase -Lactase -Maltase
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Active Site

• A restricted region of an enzyme molecule which
  binds to the substrate.

Substrate
Active Site
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• Lock Key- refers to how the active site
  substrate fits together
• there is only one key to a lock
• there is only one substrate to an active site

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Enzyme video

• http//bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp06
  /0602001.html

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Concept Map
Carbon Compounds
include
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
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Overview of enzymes

• Enzyme- Protein that can speed up or slow down a
  reaction.
• Substrate-The reaction molecule, that the enzyme
  works on.
• Active Site- Portion of the enzyme that reacting
  molecules fit in. Has a specific shape.
• Lock Key fit- A specific substrate will only
  fit into a specific enzyme.

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• Factors that affect enzyme action- Temperature,
  pH level, and enzyme/substrate concentration.
• Enzymes become denatured with temperatures that
  are too high or pH levels not 7. The active site
  changes shape.
• Examples of Enzymes-
• Lactase, the enzyme breaks down lactose
• Protease and peptidase - A protease is any enzyme
  that can break down a long protein into smaller
  chains called peptides
• Amylases - breaks down starch chains into
  smaller sugar molecules.
• Maltase- breaks down maltose
• Catalase- breaks down Hydrogen peroxide to water.

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Enzyme Characteristics

• Made up of proteins
• Are reusable
• Are Specific
• Required by ALL chemical processes in organisms
• Control the rate of metabolic (chemical
  reactions) in the body.
• Weaken chemical bonds so molecules can be made or
  broken down by the body
• Many end is ase