U.S.%20History%20Unit%20Two

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U.S. History Unit Two

• Reform, Revivals, Revolutions, and Unrest

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Transcendentalism

• Transcendentalism-emphasizes simple life and
  celebrate nature and emotions.
• Meaning is found not only in observation but in
  feelings and experiences
• Key People
• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Henry David Thoreau
• Practice civil disobedience-peacefully disobey
  laws if you feel they are not good

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Transcendentalism

• Hudson River School-
• painted pictures to glorify the Am. landscape.

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Hudson River School-paintings that glorify
American landscapes.
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Religious Revivals spark Reform

• 2nd Great Awakening-religious revival.
• Mass numbers of people becoming Christian
• Church Memberships increase
• Help people
• Spread the Good News

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Reformers and Reforms

• Dorothea Dix-
• reform of mental hospitals and jails.
• Horace Mann-
• compulsory education for students of all ages.

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Slavery reform

• Abolition-movement to abolish (get rid of)
  slavery.
• William Lloyd Garrison- The Liberator anti-slave
  paper.
• Frederick Douglass-born a slave moved north read
  Liberator.
• Nat Turner-unsuccessful slave revolt.

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Women and Reform

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott- Seneca
  Falls Convention in New York womens rights.
• Sarah and Angelina Grimke-SC daughters of a slave
  owner spoke out against slavery.
• Womens Christian Temperance Union-prohibit
  alcohol.
• Sojourner Truth-freed slave turned
  abolitionistwomens rights.

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Industrial Revolution
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New inventions and improvements
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• Charles Goodyear
• Vulcanization of rubber

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• I. M. Singer-
• Sewing machine

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• Samuel F. Morse
• Telegraph, Morse Code

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• Francis Cabot Lowell and Samuel Slater-Factory
  System

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• John Deer-Steel Plow

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• Cyrus McCormick-mechanical reaper

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• Eli Whitney-Cotton Gin

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• Transportation
• Roads
• Railroads
• Canals

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Market Revolution

• Specialization- concentration of raising one cash
  crop to sell
• Market revolution- buying and selling of goods
  rather than making them

• Capitalism-private businesses own means of
  production.
• Entrepreneurs- risk takers who start their own
  businesses

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Key Questions

• Which region was greatly affected by the
  invention of the Cotton Gin?
• Which region was greatly affected by the
  invention of the Steel Plow?
• Which region was greatly affected by the creation
  of the factory system?
• What impact did the advent of new transportations
  have on America during the antebellum period?

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Manifest Destiny

• MD-belief that it was our God-given right to
  expand from sea to shining sea.
• Used to justify our treatment of Natives.
• Oregon Trail-caravan of settlers moving west. 54
  40 or fight. Settled on 49th.

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• Joseph Smith-founded Mormons
• Brigham Young-moves them to Salt Lake City,
  Utah.5

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Rationale and Consequences of Manifest Destiny

• God given territory
• Lewis and Clark
• Indian removal act 1830
• Forced Indians to leave
• Trail of tears

• Westward Population explosion
• Opportunities
• Land ownership
• prosperity
• Admission of new states
• Created sectional problems over slavery

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Political and economics of the West

• Politics
• Missouri Compromise
• Slaves or not
• 36/30
• Mexican War
• Texas annexation

• Economics
• Trade routes
• Santa Fe Trail
• Wagon trains
• Oregon Trail
• Methodist
• Mormons
• Sectionalism
• South expanding cotton kingdom
• North benefited from new transportation

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Missouri Compromise
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The Mexican War

• 1820

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• Mexico Wins Independence from Spain
• Opens up lands they gained for settlement
• CA
• TX
• NM

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Stephen Austin

• Stephen Austin given permission by Mexico to
  settle Texas.
• Offered cheap land, ten-year tax exemption,
  protection of Mexican govt.
• 1830 Mexico passes law prohibiting immigration
  and bans importation of slaves.

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Tension Erupts

• General Lopez de Santa Anna declares himself
  dictator of Mexico.
• 1836 American settlers declare Texan freedom.
• Santa Anna sends in Army to subdue rebellion.
• Win famous battle at The Alamo.

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• William Travis, Sam Bowie, and Davy Crockett die.
• Sam Houston organizes counterattack with the
  battle cry Remember the Alamo.
• Win independence 1836-Republic of Texas.

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Annex or Not?

• Northerners feared annexing Texas
• Take on debt
• Constitutional issue
• Become a slave.
• Shift balance of power in Congress.
• Congress annexes Texas 1845.
• Pres. Polk offers to buy CA and NM

• What does Mexico think about this?

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US War with Mexico

• Pres. Polk offers to buy CA and NM
• Mexico refuses so Polk sends in Army under
  Zachary Taylor.
• Claim Rio Grande as border
• John C. Fremont organizes Bear Flag Revolt of
  California

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Results of Mexican War
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• 1848 Recognize Rio Grande as border.
• 15 million for NM and CA.
• Gadsden Purchase 1853- southern NM and Arizona
  sold for 10 million bought to build a
  transcontinental railroad.

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Gadsden Purchase
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Uh O! Slave issue again

• ???HOW WE GONNA SETTLE THIS NEW LAND ISSUE???
• Wilmot Proviso
• bill states no slaves allowed in land gained from
  Mexico
• defeated in Congress
• tensions increase.

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Sectionalism and Politics of Slavery

• Compromise of 1820- Missouri thing
• A NEW DEAL
• Compromise of 1850
• negotiated by Henry Clay
• CA-admitted as a free state N?
• Harsh Fugitive Slave Law S?
• runaway and those that help were severely
  punished.
• Popular Sovereignty ??
• NM and AZ
• residents decide for themselves.

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Fugitive Slave Laws
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Uncle Toms Cabin

• Harriet Beecher Stowe-Uncle Toms Cabin
• Portrayed south and slavery as evil violent.

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

• KA and NE would decide for themselves.
• Popular Sovereignty.
• Rush to populate states by south to vote
  pro-slave.
• Bleeding Kansas

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Election of 1856

• Republican Party is born anti slavery
• John Fremont as candidate
• James Buchanan Wins Democrat
• Supported Popular Sovereignty

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Dred Scott

• Overturns Miss. Compromise and Kansas-Nebraska
  Act
• Slaves considered property-take em anywhere.

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John Browns Raid

• John Brown-radical abolitionist kills slave
  owners Bleeding Kansas.
• Harpers Ferry Incident-Robert E. Lee hangs Brown
  for treason.

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Election of 1860

• Lincoln wins with no southern electoral votes.
• South Carolina secedes.
• We must preserve the Union. Abe Lincoln.

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Lincoln Douglas Debates
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• Lincoln

• Douglas

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Battles of The Civil War

• 1st Shots Fired- Fort Sumter
• 1st Major Battle- Bull Run/Manassas
• "There stands Jackson like a stone wall! Rally
  behind the Virginians!"
• -- Brigadier General Barnard Bee, CSA

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Monitor v. MerrimackIron-Clad Naval Battle
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Battles Continued

• Antietam-Bloodiest single day of the war.
• 26,000 combined casualties.
• Emancipation Proclamation issued after facing
  pressure from abolitionists.
• Turning Points
• Gettysburg-Northern victory
• Picketts Charge
• Vicksburg, Miss.-North captures important city on
  Miss. River.

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Picketts Charge
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Dead Confederate Sharp Shooter
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Civil War

• Anaconda Plan-strangle and blockade.
• War for the capitols-D.C. and Richmond.
• Emancipation Proclamation-freed slaves.
• Lincoln suspends writ of habeas corpus.
• Arrested without a trial.
• Northern Copperheads-wanted peace with South.
• Conscription-draft.
• Congress passes income tax.
• Gettysburg Address.
• Shermans March to Sea-burnt Atlanta to
  Savannah-Concept of Total War.

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Advantages/Disadvantages

• North
• More railroads.
• More money.
• Bigger industrial base.

• South
• Better Generals.
• Home turf.
• Lack of supplies.
• Lack of Railroads.

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War Changes a Nation

• Northern Republicans dominate Congress.
• Southern Democrats weakened.
• Economy booms in North during and after war
  making war supplies.
• Lincoln reelected 1864 shot 1865 by John Wilkes
  Booth.
• 1865-13th Amendment passed-outlaw slavery.

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Reconstruction Period

• 1865-1877
• Rebuilding after the Civil War
• Readmitting Southern States
• Three plans emerge

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Lincolns Assassination

• Lincolns Civil War goal preserve the Union.
• Abolishing slavery became a secondary goal.
• Lincolns assassination
• When-April 14th 1865
• Four days after Appomattox
• Where-Fords Theatre, DC
• Who John Wiles Booth
• Southern sympathizer

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3 Plans to Reconstruct a Nation

• Lincoln-10 plan easy plan
• 10 take oath of allegiancepardon
• Johnson-moderate plan
• Withdraw secession, swear allegiance, ratify the
  13th Amendment.
• Radical Republicans in Congress
• 51 take oath, adopt 13th and 14th Amendments.

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Radical Republicans

• Blame the South for the Civil War.
• Thought slaves should be free and EQUAL.
• Senator Sumner and Rep. Thaddeus Stevens led
  Radicals.
• Passed Wade-Davis Bill-said Congress should
  control Reconstruction vetoed.
• Freedmens Bureau-provided emergency food and
  shelter for poor whites and blacks.

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Johnson Impeached

• Johnson was a Southerner
• Congress upset because Johnson fired Radical
  Republican cabinet members without asking the
  Senate.
• Would not enforce laws of the reconstruction act
• Impeached in House but not in Senate.

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Johnsons impeachment trial
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Politics of the Postwar South

• Carpetbaggers
• Northern Republicans who moved South after the
  war.
• Took advantage of the turmoil
• Scalawags-Southern Democrats changed to
  Republicans.

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Changing Face on Congress

• First blacks in congress
• Hiram Revels-first black Senator Miss.

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Blacks gain political freedoms

• Amendments
• 13 Free
• 14 citizenship
• 15 vote

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Southern attempts to prevent freedoms

• Fear and intimidation
• KKK
• Laws passed
• Black Codes Jim Crow
• Grandfather clause
• Poll tax
• Literacy test

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Redemption-return to power for the South.

• Hayes v. Samuel Tilden (Dem) 1876
• Tilden won popular vote but lost election.
• Hayes won by one electoral vote FLA.
• Democrats agree to let Hayes wins if he ends
  Reconstruction remove North troops.