Antebellum Reform Era 1820

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Antebellum Reform Era1820s-1850

• APUSH

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Introduction
The Second Great Awakening
Spiritual Reform From WithinReligious
Revivalism
Social Reforms Redefining the Ideal of Equality
Education
Temperance
Abolitionism
Asylum Penal Reform
Womens Rights
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2nd Great Awakening
1825 - 1846
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The Second Great Awakening
Period of Religious revivals Led by Evangelical
spokesmen Sent message to turn away from sin and
provided philosophical underpinnings of the
reforms of the 1830s Restudied could lead to
salvation
Authors fueled the spirit of change Concern for
salvation Camp Meetings
Preached Spiritual Rebirth, individual self
improvement, and perfectionism. Ignited spirit
of change
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Charles G. Finney(1792 1895)
The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting
light the candles and lamps illuminating the
encampment hundreds moving to and frothe
preaching, praying, singing, and shouting, like
the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow
up all the powers of contemplation.
soul-shaking conversion
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The Burned-Over Districtin Upstate New York
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Transcendentalism
Henry David Thoreau
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Nature(1832)
Walden(1854)
Self-Reliance (1841)
The American Scholar (1837)
Civil Disobedience(1849)
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What is Transcendentalism?

• New idea that man should transcend the limits of
  intellect and allow the emotions and souls to
  create a relationship with the universe.
• Rejection of established churches, laws,
  conventions, and authority.
• Liberate from understanding and cultivate
  reasoning.

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Basic Ideas

• Man is divine.
• Man should not be held in slavery.
• Help the poor and miserable.
• Bring peace and justice to society.
• Should not believe in superstitions.
• Return to the divinity God gave them.

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Famous Transcendentalists

• Ralph Waldo Emerson
• Delivered address at Harvard called The American
  Scholar Stressed to stop following European
  traditions and take our own.
• Stressed self-reliance and self-improvement.
• Critic of slavery
• Henry David Thoreau
• Poet and non-comformist
• Refused to pay Massachusets tax and was jailed
  for a night
• Walden and Resistance to Civil Disobediance
  Pursuit of truth through study and meditation and
  Furthering of idealistic thought.

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Temperance
1826 - American Temperance SocietyDemon Rum!
Frances Willard
The Beecher Family
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Temperance

• Actual Definition not drinking alcohol in excess
• Social Meaning Do not let a single drop of
  alcohol touch your lips
• Important issue for women because of domestic
  violence
• Women getting public roles from speaking out

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Important People and Groups

• American Temperance Society- founded in
  1826w/in 5yrs. 2,220 chapters in U.S. w/
  170,000 members who pledged to not drink alcohol
• By 1830s- over 5,000 state and local temperance
  groups
• Maine Law- 1851 1st state in Union to prohibit
  sale, production, and consumption of alcohol
  (except for medical reasons)
• Neal S. Dow- sponsored Maine LawProhibition
  Mayor of Portland, Maine Nicknames Napoleon
  of Temperance, Father of Prohibition
• Womens Christian Temperance Movement- founded
  1873 oldest non-discriminating women's
  organization worldwide sill alive

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The Drunkards Progress
From the first glass to the grave, 1846
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Annual Consumption of Alcohol
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Additional Facts

• Consumption during 1830-1860 dropped majorly
• One of the strongest reforms of the 1820s and
  1830s
• Everyone used to drink alcohol (even kids)
  because the water was not safe to drink
• Temperance movement was anti-immigrant (drinking
  and abuse was associated w/ foreigners
  especially Irish Catholics and German immigrants

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Abolitionism
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• Harriet Tubman once a slave
• Escaped in 1849
• Conductor of Underground Railroad
• Harriet Beecher Stowe author
• Uncle Toms Cabin

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Abolitionist Movement

• Create a free slave state in Liberia,
  WestAfrica.
• No real anti-slavery sentiment in the North in
  the 1820s 1830s.

Gradualists
Immediatists
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The Split of Ideas

• 1816 ? American Colonization Society
  created (gradual, voluntary
  emancipation.

• The American Anti-Slavery Society William Lloyd
  Garrison
• Social reform, womens rights
• The American Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
  Tappan Brothers
• Political reform, no womens rights

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Cazenovia Fugitive Slave Law Convention

• Pictured in the photo are Gerrit Smith, Frederick
  Douglass, James Caleb Jackson, Theodosia Gilbert,
  Samuel J. May, and the Edmonson Sisters, among
  others.

Cazenovia Fugitive Slave Law Convention August
21-22, 1850
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More prominent people

• Frederick Douglass The North Star
• William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator
• Sojourner Truth
• Gerrit Smith local
• Harriet Tubman

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William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)

• Slavery undermined republicanvalues.
• Immediate emancipation with NO compensation to
  slaveholders
• Slavery was a moral, notan economic issue.

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The Liberator
Premiere issue ? January 1, 1831
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The Tree of SlaveryLoaded with the Sum of All
Villanies!
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Other White Abolitionists
Lewis Tappan
James Birney

• Liberty Party.
• Ran for President in 1840 1844.

Arthur Tappan
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Black Abolitionists
David Walker(1785-1830)
1829 ? Appeal to the Coloured Citizens
of the World
Fight for freedom rather than wait to be set
free by whites.
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Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)
1845 ? The Narrative of the Life Of
Frederick Douglass 1847 ? The North Star
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Sojourner Truth (1787-1883)or Isabella Baumfree
1850 ? The Narrative of Sojourner Truth
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Harriet Tubman(1820-1913)

• Helped over 300 slaves to freedom.
• 40,000 bounty on her head.
• Served as a Union spy during the Civil War.

Moses
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Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground
Railroad
Have paintings like this helped to contribute to
the Quilt Myth?
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The Underground Railroad
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The Underground Railroad

• Conductor leader of the escape
• Passengers escaping slaves
• Tracks routes
• Trains farm wagons transporting
  the escaping slaves
• Depots safe houses to rest/sleep

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1840 ? split in the abolitionist movement
over womens role in it. London ? World
Anti-Slavery Convention
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Lucretia Mott
1848 ? Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments
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Womens Rights
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Female Roles of the 19th Century

• Equality, freedom, liberty growing but not for
  women!
• Women cant vote, no property rights, hard to get
  educated, cant be involved in the church,
  husbands have legal power over wives
• To gain influence, women supported causes like
  temperance, abolition, and rights of the insane

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What is life like for women?

1. Unable to vote.
2. Legal status of a minor.
3. Single ? could own her own property.
4. Married ? no control over herproperty or her
   children.
5. Could not initiate divorce.
6. Couldnt make wills, sign a contract, or bring
   suit in court without her husbands permission.

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Seneca Falls Convention

• Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady
  Stanton
• First womens rights convention
• Wrote Declaration of Sentiments- basically the
  Declaration of Independence for women- lists
  grievances faced by women
• Demand equal legal treatment, equal education,
  equality in marriage, and right to vote
• Some men attended too, including Fredrick
  Douglass
• SUSAN B. ANTHONY WAS NOT THERE!

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Seneca Falls Declaration
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THE WOMEN

• Susan B. Anthony-arrested for voting
• Sarah and Angelina Grimke

Lucretia Mott
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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Notable Women in Education
Mary Lyons(1797-1849)
Emma Willard(1787-1870)

• 1837 ? she established Mt. Holyoke So.
  Hadley, MA as the first college for women.

• Troy, NY Female Seminary
• curriculum math, physics, history,
  geography.
• train female teachers

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Asylums/Prison Reform Dorothea Dix
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Dorothea Dix(1802-1887)

• Occupations
• Novelist and School Teacher
• Her second career started in march of 1841
  when she was thrirty nine years old. She visited
  East Cambridge Jail. Within the jail was
  prostitutes, drunks, criminals, learning
  disabled, and mentally ill individuals. They
  were all housed together in unheated, unfurnished
  and foul-smelling quarters.
• Thus beginning her refom movement to improve
  assylums.
• She took the assylum to court and eventually
  won. After carefully documenting her
  observations of the treatment of the inmates, she
  presented it to the Massachussetts legislature.
  Since her conviction was so powerful, she won the
  case. With this she won legislative support and
  funds that were set aside for the expansion of
  Worcestor State Hospital.

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Views

• Dorothea Dixs ideas about the mentally ill
  were radical for the time. The common feeling
  towards the insane were that they would never be
  cured and living within their dreadful conditions
  was enough for them. Dorothea wanted to better
  the conditions that the insane lived in, and show
  people that not all illnesses were incurable.

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Achievements

1. Dorothea Dix improved the living conditions in
   mental hospitals.
2. She played a major role in founding
3. 32 mental hospitals,
4. 15 schools for the feeble minded, a school for
   the blind, and numerous training facilities for
   nurses.
5. She also established libraries in prisons, mental
   hospitals, and other institutions.
6. She not only improved mental hospitals in the
   United States but all over Europe.

Saint Elizabeths is one of the oldest hospitals
in the District of Columbia, founded by Dorothea
Dix in 1855 as the Government Hospital for the
Insane, a place to treat and rehabilitate.
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1821 ? first penitentiary foundedin Auburn, NY
Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849
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Educational Reform
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Educational Reform
Religious Training ? Secular Education

• MA ? always on the forefront of public
  educational reform 1st state to
  establish tax support for local public
  schools.

• By 1860 every state offered free public
  education to whites. US had one of the
  highest literacy rates.

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Education

• Horace Mann is known as the Father of the
  common school.
• He headed the common school movement so that
  every child could receive an education funded by
  local taxes.
• Noah Webster was a textbook author called the
  Father of American Scholarship and Education.
• William McGuffey wrote a series of textbooks
  known as the McGuffey Readers.

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Horace Mann (1796-1859)
Father of American Education

• children were clay in the hands of teachers
  and school officials

• children should be molded into a state of
  perfection

• discouraged corporal punishment

• established state teacher- training programs

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The McGuffey Eclectic Readers

• Used religious parables to teach American
  values.

• Teach middle class morality and respect for
  order.

• Teach 3 Rs Protestant ethic (frugality,
  hard work, sobriety)

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Education

• The expansion of Public Schools was essential.
• By 1860 every state offered free public
  schooling.
• Religion was often entwined with education.

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Health and Sexuality
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Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910)
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What Did She Believe?

• In 1871, aided by her supporters, she formed the
  National Health Society with a motto of
  Prevention is better than cure
• The importance of personal hygeine was emphasized
  by Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell.
• She emphasized the importance of sanitation and
  personal hygeine in fighting disease.

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What Else?

• 1st woman to graduate in medicine.
• In 1853 she opened a part time one room
  dispensary and treated 200 poor women in the 1st
  year.
• In 1857 the one room dispensary was expanded to
  the hospital The New York Infirmary for Women
  and Children
• During the war she trained and selected nurses to
  care for the wounded.

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Social Reform ? ProstitutionThe Fallen Woman

• Sarah Ingraham
• (1802-1887)

• 1835 ? Advocate of Moral Reform
• Female Moral Reform Society focusedon the
  Johns pimps, not the girls.

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Utopians
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Important people and places!!

• The Oneida Community The founder and leader of
  the communal Oneida Community, John Humphreys
  Noyes, was born in Brattleboro, Vermont, in 1811.
  Perfectionists practicing "complex marriage"
  considered themselves married to the group, not a
  single partner.
• The Shakers Formally known as the United Society
  of Believers in Christ's Second Coming, the
  Shakers developed their own religious expression
  which included communal living, productive labor,
  celibacy, pacifism, the equality of the sexes,
  and a ritual noted for its dancing and shaking.

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Origins of Utopian Ideas

• Origins of the Utopian Idea The western idea of
  utopia originates in the ancient world, where
  legends of an earthly paradise lost to history
  combined with the human desire to create, or
  recreate, an ideal society, helped form the
  utopian idea.
• Describing a perfect political and social system
  on an imaginary island, the term "Utopia" has
  since entered the English language meaning any
  place, State, or situation of ideal perfection

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Millerites

• Miller was a prosperous farmer, a Baptist layman
  and amateur student of the Bible, living in the
  Burned-over district.
• Through years of intensive study of prophetic
  symbolism of the prophecies of Daniel and using
  the year-day method of prophetic interpretation,
  Miller became convinced that Christ's Second
  Coming was revealed in Bible prophecy.

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From 1840-became a national campaign

• My principles in brief, are, that Jesus Christ
  will come again to this earth, cleanse, purify,
  and take possession of the same, with all the
  saints, sometime between March 21, 1843 and March
  21, 1844
• March 21, 1844 passed without incident
• Brief adoption of a new date--April 18, 1844
• Like the previous date, April 18 passed without
  Christs return.
• October 22, 1844 what will happen?

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The Great Disappointment

• October 22,1844, that day of great hope and
  promise, ended like any other day to the
  disappointment of the Millerites. Both Millerite
  leaders and followers were left generally
  bewildered and disillusioned.
• Had believers from all denominations
• Modern daySeventh Day Adventist

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Shaker Practices

• The Shakers did not practice procreation
  themselves.
• Children were included into their communal
  families through adoption or conversion.
• The Shakers were welcoming of all, often taking
  in orphans and the homeless. When Shaker
  youngsters, girls and boys, reached the age of
  twenty-one, they were free to leave the Shaker
  religion and go their own separate way or to
  remain with the Shaker communal family.
• The Shakers lived in "families" sharing a large
  house with separate entrances for women and men.
• Each family was also part of the one communal
  family, each sharing and working together as a
  single supportive group.

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The Shakers

• The Shakers believed in the value of hard work
  and kept comfortably busy.
• Each member learned a craft and did chores.
• Shakers worshipped in plain meetinghouses where
  they marched, sang songs, danced, twitched and
  shouted.
• Considered music to be an essential part of
  worship
• Won respect for the organized and productive
  farms
• Good builders, dedicated to hard work and
  perfectioncreated some unique furniture,
  architecture, and handicrafts.

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Shakers

• The four virtues are
• Virgin purity
• Christian communism
• Confession of sin without which none can become
  Believers
• Separation from the world.

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Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784)
The Shakers

• If you will take up your crosses against the
  works of generations, and follow Christ in
  theregeneration, God will cleanse you from
  allunrighteousness.

• Remember the cries of those who are in need and
  trouble, that when you are in trouble, God may
  hear your cries.

• If you improve in one talent, God will give you
  more.
• "Do your work as though you had a thousand years
  to live and as if you were to die tomorrow.
• "Put your hands to work, and your heart to God."

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Shaker Dance and Worship
Shaker Meeting
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Shaker Hymn
'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be
free,'Tis the gift to come down where you ought
to be,And when we find ourselves in the place
just right,'Twill be in the valley of love and
delight.When true simplicity is gainedTo bow
and to bend we shan't be ashamed,To turn, turn
will be our delight,'Till by turning, turning we
come round right.
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Shaker Simplicity Utility
"Form follows function"
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Historical Marker at the Niskayuna Community
Cemetery in modern-day Colonie, New York
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The Oneida Community New York, 1848

• Millenarianism --gt the 2nd coming of Christ
  had already occurred.

• Humans were no longer obliged to follow the
  moral rules of the past.

• all residents married to each other.

• carefully regulated free love.

John Humphrey Noyes(1811-1886)