Imperialism in the 19th Century

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Imperialism in the 19th Century

• A Focus on Africa and Asia

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EQ

• What motives formed the basis of European
  expansion in the late 19th century?

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Styles of Control

• Colony17th Century Model
• Protectorate19th Century Model
• Concession19th/20th Century Model
• Sphere of Influence19th/20th Century Model

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Hobsons View

• British Economist
• Believed that Imperialism was economically driven
• Excess capital in search of investment
• Resulted from unequal distribution of wealth
• Core motive was greed

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Lenins View

• Argued that imperialism was capitalisms highest
  stage
• Also believed that excess capital was motive
• Said that World War I was the result of
  Imperialism
• Ignored history Imperialism had existed before
  excess capital.

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The Justification

• The White Mans Burden
• To help our Little Brown Brothers

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Motives

• Economics
• Adventure
• Missionary Interests
• Scientific Discovery

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The First Two
Stanley
Livingstone
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Early Success

• Leopold/Belgium and the Congo
• Boers in South Africa
• French in the Suez Region and Tunisia
• French efforts in Algeria
• British control of Cyprus

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Belgians

• 1835-1909
• Constitutional Monarch no policy powers
• Held 1876 Brussels meeting on Europeans in Africa
  
• Hired Henry Stanley to collect as the Congo
  Basin for him
• Eventually treated it as a private fifedom
  often cruelly
• Secured by Belgium in 1909

Leopold II
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French Efforts

• Distressed with the success of Leopold
• Began with Tunisia (close to Suez) they had
  both economic and political reasons
• The Italians made an effort to control Tunisia
  following French failure in the Franco-Prussian
  War
• Italians were thwarted by British deal with
  French

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Cape Colony

• Established by the Dutch in 1650
• Captured by British in 1795

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Zulu Wars - 1879

• The Zulu kingdom (economically and politically
  sound) threatened British efforts to control The
  Cape Colony
• Eventually destroyed following a bloody conflict

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Trouble in Paradise

• Increase in number of Dutch settlers (Afrikaners)
• Religious persecution was motive
• By 1830s had set up two Boer Republics
• Transvaal
• Orange Free State
• Diamonds are discovered near the Orange River in
  1867

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Cecil Rhodes

• Prime Minister of unified Cape Colony
• Diamonds discovered in Boer areas
• Forms DeBeers
• Finance overthrow of Boer government
• Fails war results
• Rhodes replaced as P.M.

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Boer War, 1899-1902

• British over-confident
• Win only last battle
• 22,000 die
• Boers fight a defensive war
• War demonstrated weakness of British tactics and
  weapons.

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People of the Boer War
Churchill
Doyle
Kitchener
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Berlin Conference1884

• Suggested by the Portuguese
• Concerned that the older powers wanted to stop
  the newer colonial powers
• Bismarck hosted
• 14 interested nations appeared
• Concepts of Protectorates and Spheres of
  Influence are first introduced.
• No real changes . tension increased

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South and East Asia
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Sepoys
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British and India

• British had been there since Elizabeth I
• French had been there first - lost control
• Destination of British second sons
• Crisis arises in 1857 Sepoy Rebellion
• East India Company replaced by India Act of 1858
• British government now controlled India
• No independence until 1947

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Indochina
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Colonial Powers - SEA
British
French

• First appeared in 17th Century
• Lost control of India
• Took control of Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia,
  Laos) until 1954

• First appeared in 17th Century
• India until 1947
• Burma until 1947

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Conflict in China

• Opium was originally a medication
• By 18th Century it had become recreational
• Most came from Turkey or India through the port
  of Canton (The old Silk Road)
• 1800 the Chinese government banned it negative
  impact on British Balance of Trade

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1839-1842
The Opium Wars
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Key Elements of the Wars

• Immediate cause - Chinese government ordered
  destruction of imported Opium
• The British occupied the Port of Canton
• Chinese could not match western military
  technology
• Forced to sign Treaty of Nanking.
• A second war in 1856 had similar result

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Open Door Policy

• And
• The Boxer Rebellion

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The Policy

• Developed by John Hay asserting U.S. in Asia
• Pushed for equal trading rights in China
• Europeans were not interested
• Hay had chosen to ignore European reluctance to
  allow U.S. trade
• AND THEN .

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Boxer Rebellion

• China was spilt into Spheres of Influence
• Chinese students wanted to close China to foreign
  influences
• The Fists of Righteous Harmony (Boxers) became
  the militant arm of the Empress.
• Boxers attacked missionaries/businessmen who
  eventually fled to the Forbidden City
• Goal was to drive foreigners from China

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Boxers Continued

• Foreign businesses and diplomats were trapped.
• The U.S. sent 2,500 troops from the Philippines
  to protect U.S. citizens
• The Boxers were quickly defeated.
• The Open Door was accepted and expanded to
  include the interior of China
• Western powers agreed to maintain the Chinese
  government

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Russo-Japanese War
1904-1905

• Conflict over control of Korea and Manchuria
• Russia had gained control of Port Arthur from the
  Chinese worried Japan
• Japan successfully attacked Russian fleet at Port
  Arthur
• Japanese attacks on Korea and Manchuria were
  equally successful
• The naval Battle of Tsushima gave the Japanese
  victory at sea.

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Port Arthur
Russian Warship
Japanese Warship
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Treaty of Portsmouth

• There was political unrest in Russia
• Teddy Roosevelt served as mediator in New
  Hampshire
• Japan got Port Arthur and control of Korea.
• Russian distress over the treaty forced the issue
  of the October Manifesto (an agreement on
  constitution)

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The Suez Canal
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Suez Canal - Origins

• Begun in 2nd Millennium BC by Egypt
• 1854 a French-Egyptian agreement allows for
  construction of a modern canal
• Took 11 years and the forced labor of 30,000 to
  complete
• British attempted to organize revolts amongst the
  labor force
• French pressure forced British to halt political
  interference
• Opened in 1869 at double original cost estimates
• Enormous profits

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Disraeli and The British
Regional Tension !!!!!
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Italians
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Adowa
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Adowa

• 1896
• Between Ethiopia and Italy
• Italy invaded Ethiopia in order to bridge two
  other Italian territories
• Italians were heavily outnumbered and defeated
• Italians signed Treaty of Addis Ababa guarantying
  Ethiopian independence

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Significance of Addis Ababa

• Defeat of colonial power
• Black over white
• African sovereignty
• Prompts Italian invasion early in WWII

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A Larger Conflict Looms
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Fashoda
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Fashoda

• 1898
• Dispute between England and France
• Argument over British occupation of Egypt (French
  wanted them out)
• French outnumbered British, but British
  controlled seas.
• French foreign minister negotiated end to
  conflict. Needed British support against possible
  future war against Germans

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Germany

• Last in and no good places left
• Decides to make a stand in Morocco
• Fails prepares for larger conflict

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Outcomes of Imperialism

• Europeanization
• Nationalism both in the colonial regions and in
  Europe
• Racism as a result of Darwinism
• Militarism