Conflict%20resolution%20in%20the%20Balkans%20%20State%20of%20negotiations%20before%20the%20war

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Conflict resolution in the Balkans State of
negotiations before the war

• Conflict resolution
• Vera Stojarová

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Main features of Slovenia and the Western/Eastern
Balkan states

• What is Balkan? Western Balkan, southern,
  eastern??
• Dates (395, 1054, end of 14, century, 1453)
• Dissolution of yugoslavia into what??
• Nations, ethnics, religions, language, script,
  lliteracy, life standard

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Conflicts in the Balkans

• 1989 Kosovo withdrawal authonomy
• 1991 Slovenia, Croatia and BiH declared
  independence, JNA
• 1991-95 war in Croatia and BiH
• 1997 rebellion in Albania
• 1999 Kosovo
• 2000 Preševo medvedja bujanovac
• 2001 Macedonia Ohrid agreement
• 2003 FRY changed into Serbia and Montenegro
• 2006 independence of Montenegro
• 2008 independence of Kosovo

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1980s

• Liberalisation of slovenia and croatia
• Kosovo withdrawal of authonomy, own state
  institutions, referenda, independence, state of
  emergency, LDK, ibrahim rugova, 28.6.1989
  demonstration at gazimestan, new constitution,
  albanian language unofficial, emergence of other
  political parties, alb elections
• Nationalism martinovic case, paracinovo,
  poisoning of albanian children, st. Sava,
  ustasha, chetnicks

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1990s

• Conference in Hague - October 1991 kosovo was not
  mentioned at all
• Badinter commission
• 25.6.1991 declaration of independence for
  slovenia and croatia
• 10 days war in slovenia occupation of the
  border posts
• 1991-1995 war in croatia, civil war vs. war of
  two states

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EC

• EC will not recognize independence of slovenia
  and croatia unless all political means of
  conflict resolution are used

Countries trying for maintainence of yugoslavia
GB Spain France
Austria Italy Germany
Countries supporting independence
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Germany and recognition

• German unification
• Germany supporting Croatia (ustashas independent
  state)
• Economic crisis in germany vs profilation in the
  international arena
• Breaking the national minorities right
• Fear of dominating the continent
• Regaining the lost identity
• re-evaluation of german demilitarisation,
  foreign missions

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USA and recognition

• Fast recognition of BiH.
• Isolation of FRY and recognition of slovenia,
  croatia, bih and macedonia
• For recognition of croatia they gained croatian
  recognition of bih (no partition of bih between
  croatia and serbia

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EU badinter commission

• Slovenia and macedonia ok
• Croatia status of national minorities
• BiH referendum

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EU

• EU did not respect recomendation of badinter
  comision and recognized slovenia croatia and bih
  at the beginning of 1992

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Recognition of dead states

• 27.6- 4.7. 1991 conflict in slovenia
• Croatian-Serbian war in Croatia till 1995
• Croatian-Serbian-Bosniak war in BiH till 1995

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Discussion

• Could EU hinder the conflicts in yugoslavia?
• Was it right to insist on integrity of yugoslavia
  and then with the outburst of the conflict
  recognize the already dead states?
• Is CFSP united?
• Who should intervene into the solution of the
  european conflicts - EU, OSN, USA, OSCE?
• What are the reasons of dissolution of
  yugoslavia?
• Is it possible to build multiethnic state? On
  what basis?
• Are nation states a solution? Should nation
  states copy the ethnic borders? Historical
  borders?
• Would the solution be the division of the balkan
  between greater croatia, greater serbia, greater
  macedonia, greater bulgaria,
• Is it right to recognize state where the civil
  war takes place?
• Is it right to recognize state where the rights
  of national minorities are violated?
• Would it not be better to suport the serbian
  effort to protect the territorial integrity of
  yugoslavia by armed force?
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vFK6Hvtifkrw
  jasenovac i gradiška stara thompson

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Conflict resolution in the Balkans State of
negotiations during the war in Croatia and BiH

• Conflict resolution
• Vera Stojarová

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War in croatia- serbian iredentism

• 1989 official language in croatia only
  croatian
• December 1990 serbian autonomous province krajina
• february 1991 decision of secession from croatia
  and staying in fry
• december 1991 Republika Srbska Krajina
• Since Spring 1991 armed clashes

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War in croatia patriotic war vs. ethnic
cleansing

• Oficial serbian army Army of yugoslavia, army of
  serbia and monte negro, officialy had to withdraw
  but left the armament
• Paramilitary groups Serbian volunteer guard,
  Tigers, serbian chetnic movement of vojislav
  šešejl, white eagles of mirko jovic etc..

• Oficial croatian army Croatian army
• Paramilitary groups HOSovci croatian defence
  forces, armed wing of _HSP) fiercy stallions
  etc..

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War in croatia- serbian iredentism

• Croatian serbian war 1991-1995 dayton peace
  agreement
• Territory fully under the croatian control in
  1998
• Serbian minority drop from 12 to 5

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Ethnic composition of BiH

• 44 Bosniaks (Muslims)
• 31 Serbs
• 17 Croats

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Serbs Croats Bosniaks I. Bosniak II.
Internal actor Political party Serbian democratic party (SDS BiH) Croatian democratic community (HDZ BiH) Party of democratic action (SDA)
Persona Radovan Karadžic Davor Perinovic, Stjepan Kljuic, Mate Boban Alija Izetbegovic Fikret Abdic
Armed formation Army of Republika srpska Croatian council of defence (HVO) Army of Republic BaH Army of Fikret Abdic
State 9.1.1992 Republika srpska BaH, 12.8. renamed Republika srpska, Pale 3.7.1992 Croatian community Herzeg Bosna, 24.8.1993 Croatian republic Herzeg Bosna, Grude Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH, Sarajevo) Athonomous region Western Bosnia, renamed Republic of Western Bosnia, Velka Kladuša
External actor Political party Socialistic party of Serbia (SPS) Croatian democratic community (HDZ) Support of islamic countries Cooperation with Croats as well as Serbs
Persona Slobodan Miloševic Franjo Tudjman
Armed formation Yugoslav Peples Army (JNA), Yugoslavian army Croatian army (HV)
State Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), Belgrade Croatia. Zagreb Support of islamic countries (Iran, Saudi Arabia, Libye)
Paramiliary formations Serbian volunteer guard (Tigers) Arkan Chetniks- Šešelj White Eagles- Jovic Croatian defence forces (HOS) El-Mudžahid Green Berets
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I. Phase of the war (6. 4. 1992 beginning 1993) II. Phase of the war (1993 -March 1994) III. Phase of the war (March 1994 -1995) IV. Local episode (29. 9. 1993 - 7. 8. 1995)
Serbs x Bosniaks Croats Serbs x Bosniaks Serbs x Croats Bosniaks x Croats Serbs x Bosniaks Croats Bosniaks x Bosniaks (Army of the Republic BaH x Army of Fikret Abdic)
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Dayton Peace Agreement

• Negotiated in Dayton, signed in Paris 14th
  December 1995, signed by Miloševic, Tudjman and
  Izetbegovic, The Constitution of BiH was included
  in Annex IV. Of the Dayton Peace Agreement

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BiH composed of 2 Entities

• the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (51 )
  and the Republic of Srpska (49 ). All citizens
  of either Entity are thereby citizens of Bosnia
  and Herzegovina.

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 ANNEX 7Agreement on Refugees and Displaced
Persons

• All refugees and displaced persons have the right
  freely to return to their homes of origin.
• They shall have the right to have restored to
  them property

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Annex 10. Article V. Dayton Peace Agreement.
Final Authority to Interpret

• The High Representative is the final authority in
  theater regarding interpretation of this
  Agreement on the civilian implementation of the
  peace settlement.
• Valentin Inzko since 2009 
• Miroslav Lajcák July 2007 -2009
• Christian Schwarz-Schilling 31 January 2006
  July 2007
• Paddy Ashdown 27 May 2002 - 31 January 2006
• Wolfgang Petritsch August 1999 - 27 May 2002  
• Carlos Westendorp June 1997 - July 1999
• Carl Bildt December 1995 - June 1997  

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Conflicts between the International Community and
the local leaders have been quite frequentAll
elections in BiH were dominated by the parties,
which were at the break of the war
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• Serbia
• Republic of Srpska
• Serbia Monte Negro
• Serbia the plain tricolour as the national flag,
  the tricolour with coat of arms as the state flag

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Sarajevo Agreement signed 27th of May 2002
unprecedently modified the Dayton Peace
Agreement

• The Article 4 The national representation in all
  the institutions must reflect the proportion of
  the population according to the census from
  1991.
• This article is unrealistic and is ignored by all
  sides.

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Political system in BiH according to the Sarajevo
agreement, which modified the Dayton Peace
agreement

• FBiH
• President rotates with 2 vice-presidents, elected
  by the House of representatives, president
  nominates the government, he is consulted with
  the nominationof ombudsman and judges, sighns
  laws and international treaties, grants amnesties
  ( with exclusion of the war crimes and genocide)
• Government prime minister and deputy prime
  minister, ministers and their deputy prime
  ministers which must not be from the same nation
  as the prime ministers. 8 Bosniacs, 5 Croats, 3
  Serbs.
• Legislative House of representatives 98 MPs, 4
  Years, direct vot, 73 proportional systém, 25
  compensatory mandates.
• House of nations 58 MPs, 17 from each nation and
  7 seats for the minorities)
• Constitutional court 9 judges

• BiH
• Presidency each entity shall have 1
  representative, 4 years.
• Government Council of ministers appointed by the
  Presidency. Powers foreign policy, foreign
  trade, tawes, monetary politics, financing of the
  institutions of BiH, foreign obligations,
  immigration, refugees, international law, penal
  law inbetween the entities, common
  infrastructure, air space control.
• Legislative bicameral
• House of nations 15 MPs, 5 from each entity,
  delegates elected by the parliaments of RS and
  FBiH
• House of representatives 42 MPs, 2/3 (28)
  elected directly in FBiH, 1/3 (14) in RS
• Both chambers elect their common presidency,
  system of rotation.
• Constitutional court 9 members, 4 are nominated
  by the House of representatives FBiH, 2 by
  national assembly RS, 3 by the chair of the
  European court for human rights (must not be the
  inhabitants of BiH or the neighbouring state,
  nominated for 5 years)

• RS
• President with 2 vice-presidents from all
  nations, direct vote, president proposes the
  prime minister, the NAtional assembly approves
  the government
• Government 8 Serbs, 5 Bosniacs 3 Croats.
• National assembly 83 MPs, direct vote, 4 years.
• The Council of Nations consists of 28
  representatives delegated by the National
  Assembly (eight Croats, eight Bosniacs, eight
  Serbs, and four others).
• Constitutional court 7 judges, elected for 8
  years, once.

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Challenges for BiH

• New constitution
• Anthem in Serbia, use of flag
• Mission Althea
• Institutional building, justice, organized crime,
  civil society, state of law
• EU
• Main challenge is to find COMMON AIM IN 1 STATE

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Questions

• Is the endeavour of the international community
  to build the multiethnic society right/feasible?
• Does BiH in its current shape have a future?
• Would not be better to divide Bosnia? If Yes
  How?
• Would not be better to build nation states in the
  Balkans Greater Serbia, Greater Croatia etc.?
• Should the international community withdraw from
  BiH or stay?
• What do u think about the US stepping into the
  war, ending it and then withdrawing leaving the
  job on the EU?

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Seminar

• Who is guilty?
• Who was right?
• What happened?
• Who attacked whom?
• Who is victim and who is culprit?
• Who is good and who is bad?
• What is just and what is unjust?
• How did you behave in WWII?
• How did you behave in the Balkan wars 1912-1913?
• Istina/truth

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Seminar conflict management in BiH Cutilheiro
plan

• The cantons will have certain authonomy
• Bih will remain unitary state with high
  centralisation
• BaH common parliament, central economy
  planning, central bank, common currency, flag,
  one representation in international organisations
  etc.
• Muslim and croatian opštiny 56,27 of BaH,
• Serbian opštiny 43,7.
• Out of 106 opština only 10 were ethnically
  monolitical (90 and more percent of one nations)
• the rest ethnically mixed
• Keeping the borders, veto on division of bih

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Vance-Owen plan

• 10 autonomous ROUGHLY accoding to the ethnic
  situation before the war provinces
• Serbs 3 cantons, Croats 2 and 1 together with
  Muslims, Muslims 3. Sarajevo all communities
  together.
• Government of the provinces wide autonomy,
  composition regarding the national composition of
  the province
• BiH led by presidency 9 members, 3 from each
  nation.
• Presidency shall name common government which
  shall last till the first elections

• BiH as integral state, UN units shall guarantee
  the free movement of people and rights of
  national minorities
• Provincies with Muslim-Croat inhabitants 52,33
  BaH, serbian provincies 42,23, mixed province
  Sarajevo 5,5 of the land.

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Plan Owen-Stoltenberg

• Loose union of 3 Bosnian republiks made on
  national principle
• Muslim Croat republics - 44,91 of the land BaH
  
• Republic of Serbs - 52,09.
• Sarajevo under UN - 3 of hte land
• Mostar and Muslim enclaves in eastern Bosnia
  under EU supervision

• Creation of corridors
• muslim republic had corridor to reach the sea
  and to the sava river and the conection with the
  muslim enclaves Goražde, Srebrenica, Žepa and
  bihac

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