Chapter%205%20Groups%20and%20organizations - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Chapter%205%20Groups%20and%20organizations

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Chapter 5 Groups and organizations Social Groups Group Characteristics and Dynamics Formal Organizations in Global Perspective Alternative Forms of Organization – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chapter%205%20Groups%20and%20organizations


1
Chapter 5Groups and organizations
  • Social Groups
  • Group Characteristics and Dynamics
  • Formal Organizations in Global
  • Perspective
  • Alternative Forms of Organization
  • Organizations in the Future

2
Social Groups
  • A collection of two or more people who
  • Interact frequently.
  • Share a sense of belonging.
  • Have a feeling of interdependence.

3
Types of Groups
  • Primary and Secondary
  • Ingroups and Outgroups
  • Reference Groups

4
Cooleys Primary and Secondary Groups
  • Primary group - small group whose members engage
    in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions.
  • Secondary group - larger group in which members
    engage in impersonal relationships for a limited
    period of time.

5
Sumners Ingroups and Outgroups
  • Groups set boundaries between insiders and
    outsiders.
  • Distinguishing between ingroups and outgroups
    helps us establish our identity.
  • May encourage group cohesiveness, but may also
    promote classism, racism, sexism and ageism.

6
Group Size
  • Size is one of the most important features of a
    group.
  • As size increases, communication patterns between
    group members change.
  • Larger groups typically have more formalized
    leadership structures.

7
Group Leadership Styles
  • Authoritarian leaders - often criticized for
    fostering intergroup hostility.
  • Democratic leaders - praised for supportive
    behavior and blamed for being indecisive in a
    crisis.
  • Laissez-faire leaders - do not provide active
    leadership.

8
Research on Group Conformity
  • Asch - demonstrated that people will bow to
    social pressure in small group settings.
  • Milgram - obedience to authority may be more
    common than most of us would like to believe.
  • Pryor and McKinney - suggest a relationship
    between group conformity and harassment.

9
Groupthink
  • Members of groups limit their opinions to focus
    on consensus.
  • Members of a group arrive at a decision that
    individual members believe is unwise.
  • 1986 challenger tragedy has been cited as an
    example of this process.

10
Etzionis Classification of Formal Organizations
  • Normative organizations are joined voluntarily.
    (political parties, religious organizations and
    social clubs)
  • Coercive organizations are associations people
    are forced to join. (prisons)
  • Utilitarian organizations provide rewards.
    (colleges and universities, the workplace)

11
Webers Ideal Characteristics of Bureaucracy
  • Division of Labor
  • Hierarchy of Authority
  • Rules and Regulations
  • Qualification-Based Employment
  • Impersonality

12
Shortcomings of Bureaucracy
  • Inefficiency and Rigidity
  • Resistance to Change
  • Perpetuation of Race, Class, and Gender
    Inequalities

13
Alternative Forms of Organization
  • Humanizing the bureaucracy
  • Greater sharing of power and responsibility.
  • Encouragement of participants to share their
    ideas and try new approaches.
  • Efforts to reduce the number of people in
    dead-end jobs and to help people meet family
    responsibilities.

14
Organizational Structure in Japan
  • Lifetime employment - workers were (until
    recently), guaranteed permanent employment after
    an initial probationary period.
  • Quality circlessmall workgroups that meet
    regularly with managers to discuss the groups
    performance and working conditions.
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