Today:

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Today

• Our First Presentations!
• Macroevolution ? Diversity!
• Onto Prokaryotes
• Meeting the Protists
• Overview of Fungi?

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Thinking About Macroevolution
Whats a species??
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Defining a Species the Biological Species
Concept
??

• Defines a species as
• a population (s) whose members can potentially
  interbreed in nature to produce viable, fertile
  offspring, but who cant produce viable, fertile
  offspring with members of other species

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Barriers leading to Biological Species

• Barriers can be
• PREZYGOTIC
• or
• POSTZYGOTIC

You Try Part 1
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How New Species Can Form
Examples?
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Next Studying the Resulting Diversity of
Life!Taxonomy and the Prokaryotes
Photo Pete Owens
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A Bit of Taxonomy
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Studying Diversity Taxonomy

• Domain (Eukarya)
• Kingdom (Animalia)
• Phylum (Chordata)
• Class (Mammalia)
• Order (Primata)
• Genus (Homo)
• Species (sapiens)

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Looking at the Prokaryotes
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Where Did the First Life Come From?
Spontaneous Generation?? Biogenesis?
Photo NIH
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Where Did the First Life Come From?

• Step 1 Abiotic Synthesis of Organic Monomers

Hey look! Ive got amino acids, sugars, lipids
and nucleotides in here!!
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Where Did the First Life Come From?

• Step 2 Abiotic Synthesis of Polymers (like
  proteins and nucleic acids)

Binding to clay particles may have helped
facilitate this in the absence of enzymes!
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Where Did the First Life Come From?

• Step 3 Origin of Self-Replication Molecules

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Where Did the First Life Come From?

• Step 4 Formation of Pre-Cells (Protobionts)

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What Did the First Life Look Like?

• Prokaryotes show up in the fossil record 3.5
  billion years ago!

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Prokaryotes Today Major Characteristics
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Prokaryotes Today Major Characteristics
Bacteria in a dental plague

• Theyre ubiquitous!

How do we know that if theyre so small?!? You
try Part 2
Bacteria on the surface of a contact lens.
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Prokaryotes Today Major Characteristics

• Two Major Groups
• Bacteria
• Archaea
• (Extremophiles)

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Prokaryotes Today Major Characteristics

• Three Major Shapes/Morphologies
• Cocci
• Bacilli
• Spirochetes

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Prokaryotes Today Major Characteristics

• Nutritionally Diverse! May be
• Photoautotrophic
• Chemoautotrophic
• Photoheterotrophic
• Chemoheterotrophic

All of these terms describe how you get your
energy (chemical or light source) and where you
get your carbon compounds (make them yourself, or
eat others!)
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Prokaryotes Today Major Characteristics

• Important as Disease Causing Agents!
• Many cause disease through the production of
  endotoxins or exotoxins

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Prokaryotes Today Major Characteristics

• Important as Nutrient Cyclers!

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Next Up Evolution of the Protistans!
What the heck is a Protist?!?
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Evolution of the Protistans
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Diversity of the Protistans
1. The Protozoans animal like protists

• Single-celled, animal-like eukaryotes
• Free-living and parasitic in moist environments
• Can reproduce sexually or asexually
• Some famous Protozoans Giardia and Tyrpanosoma

Giardia lamblia trophozoites, as they appear with
the scanning electron microscope. Original image
by Arturo Gonzalez, CINVESTAV, Mexico.
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Diversity of the Protistans
2. The Slime Molds (Fungus-like Protists)
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Diversity of the Protistans
3. The Unicellular Algae

• Most are components of phytoplankton (basis of
  food webs global carbon sink!)

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The Protistans The Single-Celled Algae

• Famous Single-Celled Algae Red Tide, Pfiesteria

Source www.redtide.whoi.edu www.pfeisteria.org
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Diversity of the Protistans
4. The Multicellular Algae

• Three major groups
• Red Algae
• Brown Algae
• Green Algae

You Try Part 3
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Next Up Going Multicellular and Heading for
Land!
You Try Part 4
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Onto the Fungi Major Characteristics

• HETEROTROPHIC
• (use organic compounds for energy)
• Can be SAPROBES (nutrients from nonliving organic
  matter) or PARASITES (extract nutrients from a
  living host)
• EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION
• EUKARYOTIC

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The Fungi General Layout
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The Fungi General Layout
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The Major Fungi Groups
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The Zygomycetes
Pilobolus- decomposes animal dung!
Mycorrhizae
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The Club Fungi (Basidiomycetes)

• Mushrooms, shelf fungi, puffballs and rusts
• Important decomposers of wood and plant material
• Plant Pathogens!

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Fairy Rings

• WHY??

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LichensA Fungal Lifestyle
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Lichens A Fungal Lifestyle
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Other Amazing Fungi
Mycorrhizae
Pilobolus-