Muslim%20

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Muslim Mongol Empires

• (500-1350 AD)

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• I. Rise of Islam monotheistic religion centered
  in the Middle East (people who follow Islam are
  called Muslims)

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• A. Muhammad- in 610 became prophet of God
  (Allah), by 622 he and his followers expelled
  from Arabian city of Mecca

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• 1. In 630 Muhammad followers defeat Mecca, all
  of Arabia converted to Islam by Muhammads death
  in 632 AD

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• 2. Islamic faith- holy book Quran, built
  mosques, emphasis on jihad (holy war),
  traditional values

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Al-Haram Mosque (Saudi Arabia)
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Kaaba
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Dome of the Rock Mosque (Israel/Palestine)
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Interior of the Dome of the Rock Mosque
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• B. Spread of Islam- successors to Muhammad called
  caliphs (powerful religious/political/military
  leaders)
• 1. Umar leads Arab armies that
• convert/conquer the Middle East, North
• Africa, India, Spain

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Expansion of Islam
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The Franks battle the Muslims at the battle of
Tours in 732 AD
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• C. Division- Umars successors murdered, Islam
  broken into 2 branches Sunni Shiah

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• 1. Sunni- believed best man should be selected
  caliph

2. Shiah- wanted only descendents of the first
caliphs to lead the faith
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Think About It...

• Based on what you know, which branch of Islam
  (Sunni/ Shiah) do you think has more members
  today? Why?

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• D. Islamic civilization culture

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• 1. Traders- silk, cotton, wool, carpets, jewelry,
  metalwork, perfume, swords, glassware, spices,
  leather, pottery

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The Alhambra (Spain)
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• 2. Spread Arabic language, all laws based on
  Quran, father given all authority, stressed
  basic morals

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Arabic Writing
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Arabic Alphabet
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• E. Science- combine knowledge from
  Greece/Rome/India/China, established advanced
  universities

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• 1. Medicine- catalogued diseases, performed
  operations

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• 2. Math- developed number system based on 10,
  later created algebra (from Al-jabr)

XVIII XXIV
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Astrolabe
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• F. Decline- Unity/power of early Arab Islamic
  empire broken

1. Many Muslim cities destroyed by Mongols
(12-1300s)
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• G. By 1100, Turks dominate the Muslim world,
  begin the Ottoman Empire, conquered the
  Byzantine Empire in 1453

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Constantinople Becomes Istanbul (1453)
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Hagia Sofia (Turkey)
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INTERIOR OF THE HAGIA SOPHIA
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1. Ottomans conquer SE Europe and reach their peak
   in the 1500s under Sultan Suleiman (the
   Magnificent)

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Suleimaniye Mosque (Turkey)
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Ottoman Empire (1000-1700)
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Islam Today
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• II. Mongols- warlike, nomadic people originated
  from central Asia

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• A. Mongol tribes united by Genghis Khan around
  1200, used mounted cavalry in fast attacks to win
  an empire

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Genghis Khan
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Mongol Homeland
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Karakorum
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Mongol Cavalry In Battle
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The Mongol Bow
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• B. Conquest- by early 1200s Genghis conquered
  Northern China, and much of Asia

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• 1. Grandson Kublai added rest of China, Middle
  East, Russia, and parts of Eastern Europe killing
  millions

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Mongol Expansion (1200-1300)
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Mongol Empire
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• 2. Rule- largest land empire in history, heavily
  taxed conquered people, 1st to use

paper money, helped to restore world trade,
tolerant of various cultures
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• C. Decline- by 1400s many Mongols were absorbed
  into local populations, empire disintegrated
• 1. China regained independence with the
• Ming Dynasty (ruled 1368-1644)