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WRITING PARAGRAPHS

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WRITING PARAGRAPHS All over the world, consumer markets are dividing into a high end and a low end leaving the middle in decline. At the high end, consumers are ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: WRITING PARAGRAPHS


1
WRITING PARAGRAPHS
All over the world, consumer markets are dividing
into a high end and a low end leaving the
middle in decline. At the high end, consumers are
trading up, paying a premium price for highly
branded, luxury products. And at the low end,
they are trading down, spending as little as
possible on basic, functional products. Between
the two poles lies a vast range of ordinary,
boring products that are rapidly losing market
share.
  • Consumers at the high end are
  • trading up, paying a premium
  • price for highly branded, luxury
  • products. And at the low end
  • they are trading down,
  • spending as little as possible on
  • basic, functional products. This
  • is happening all over the world
  • - leaving the middle in decline.
  • Between the two poles lies a
  • vast range of ordinary, boring
  • products that are rapidly losing
  • market share.

2
Paragraph design
  • A paragraph consists of a key sentence and a
    number of other sentences lending it support,
    i.e. - TOPIC SENTENCE and SUB-TOPICS/SUPPORTING
    IDEAS .
  • Topic sentence provides a context and summarises
    what will follow in the paragraph.
  • All the sentences in a paragraph should relate to
    one main idea. This is called UNITY. Each
    sentence must add something useful to the key,
    topic sentence.

3
Paragraph design
  • The second text has MOVEMENT the ideas flow
    clearly and logically. Movement means taking
    the reader from one sentence to the next in
    clear, logical steps.
  • Achieving movement
  • 1. use the first sentence to mention sub-topics,
    which are then picked up in sequence by further
    sentences
  • 2. use time sequence, contrast, list of related
    points (First, Second, Finally), etc.
  • 3. use linking words

4
Sentence Connectors
  • Connectors and sequence markers are words or
    phrases which show the relationship between
    ideas.
  • The main relationships are
  • Time
  • Logic (cause, contrast, condition, comparison and
    concession)
  • Text (addition, summary, paraphrase, example and
    highlight).

5
TIME
  • A. The main words and phrases which signal time
    relationships are
  • Beginning
  • First/first of all/initially/to start with/the
    first step/at the first stage
  • Second/secondly/the second step/at the second
    stage
  • Third/thirdly/the third step/at the third stage,
    etc.
  • Then/after that
  • Next/subsequently/the next step/at the next stage
  • Finally/the final step/at the final stage
  • End

6
LOGIC
  • The main words and phrases that signal logical
    relationships are as follows
  • Cause therefore/ accordingly/ consequently/ as a
    consequence/ as a result/ hence (formal)/ thus
    (formal)/ because of this/ that's why (informal)/
    so
  • Contrast yet/ however/ nevertheless/ still/ but/
    even so/ all the same (informal)
  • Conditions then/ in that case
  • Comparison similarly/ in the same way
  • Concession anyway/ at any rate
  • Contradiction in fact/ actually/ as a matter of
    fact/ indeed
  • Alternation instead/alternatively

7
TEXTUAL RELATIONSHIPS
  • Addition also/ in addition/ moreover/
    furthermore/ besides/ too/ overall/ in brief/ in
    short
  • Summary to sum up/ then/ overall/ in brief/ in
    short
  • Conclusion in conclusion/ finally/ lastly/ to
    conclude
  • Equivalence in other words/ that means/ namely/
    that is to say
  • Inclusion for example/ for instance/ say/ such
    as/ as follows (written)/ e.g. (formal and
    written)
  • Highlight in particular/ in detail/ especially/
    notably/ chiefly/ mainly
  • Generalization usually/ normally/ as a rule/ in
    general/ for the most part/ in most cases/ on the
    whole
  • Stating the obvious obviously/ naturally/ of
    course

8
COHESION IN WRITING
  • There are two more ways of cohesion in writing.
    1. a linking-back device - a way of relating to
    something that has previously been mentioned in
    the text in full. One of the commonest is that
    repeated nouns become pronouns.
  • e.g. John's performance last year was above
    average. HE ("he" refers to John) achieved 20
    higher results than average with existing
    customers.

9
COHESION IN WRITING
  • 2. repetition there are two types of repetition
    exact, when we repeat exactly the same words,
    and parallel repetition, when we use the most
    appropriate word(s) which best refers to the word
    in question.
  • Fluoridation is the deliberate addition of a
    chemical called fluoride to a town's water
    supplies, in order to reduce tooth decay.
    Fluoride occurs naturally in the drinking water
    of some towns

10
4Cs
  • Try to remember the 4Cs when writing your essay
  • Clear writing and expression of ideas (easy to
    read and understand)
  • Comprehensive - all the main ideas and arguments
    are included
  • Concise short and precise (no unnecessary
    repetition)
  • Correct accurate, both in content and in
    language use

11
KEY TO CORRECTION SYMBOLS
  • A Agreement of subject and verb, or adjective
    and noun
  • e.g. The boy walk to school./They are goods dogs.
  • N Number (Singular or Plural)
  • e.g. It is one of the best hotel there.
  • T Tense
  • e.g. The earth had an atmosphere around it.
  • Sp Spelling
  • e.g. The library was pieceful and quite.
  • WO Word Order (Subject, Verb, Object, Manner,
    Place, Time)
  • e.g. The earth is the planet third from the
    sun./We went
  • yesterday to the store.

12
KEY TO CORRECTION SYMBOLS
  • F (VF) Grammatical form of the word (verb, etc)
  • e.g. I was interesting in that book. / The man
    ran slow. / They studies science in the morning.
  • WW Wrong Word
  • e.g. Don't do the plans for tomorrow. / He raised
    suddenly to his feet.
  • P Punctuation
  • e.g. bring the book on Monday / I am studying
    Economics at the university of belgrade / he was
    very tired therefore he went to bed
  • X Unnecessary Word
  • e.g. Good grades they are hard to get. / The
    earth it is the third planet from the sun.

13
KEY TO CORRECTION SYMBOLS
  • Ref. Reference
  • e.g. John brought her to their house. It is
    beautiful.
  • /?/ Sentence is too complicated,
    unclear or incomplete.
  • // Parallelism
  • e.g. It is important to study and sleeping
    enough.
  • / Wrong Joining
  • e.g. I go to the university everyday.
  • Wrong Separation
  • e.g. I like to eat every thing.

14
KEY TO CORRECTION SYMBOLS
  • Missing Word (article, preposition, etc)
  • e.g. We listen music when we feel like it./We
    went to hotel on Fifth Avenue.
  • Wph Wrong phrase, wrong way to say this.
  • e.g. We shall study the part played by the
    appropriate monetary institutions in securing the
    capital needed.
  • Log Illogical
  • e.g. Glass is breakable. Thus, it is usually
    painted blue.
  • No Untruth
  • e.g. A franchisee receives the royalty fee from a
    franchiser.
  • SC Sentence Construction (grammatically wrong, a
    number of grammatical problems within the
    sentence).

15
The Golden Rules of Writing
  • WRITE SIMPLY and BRIEFLY because this will make
    life easier for your reader, who should always be
    the centre of your attention. And WRITE QUICKLY
    because your time is valuable, and you do not
    want to spend any more time writing than is
    absolutely necessary.
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