Warm-Up

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Warm-Up

1. What is a tissue?
2. The study of tissues is called ______.
3. What are the 4 main types of tissues?

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Warm-Up

• What type of epithelial cell is shown below?

1.
2.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
3.
4.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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Tissue The Living Fabric

• Chapter 4

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• Tissue group of cells that are similar in
  structure and function
• Histology study of tissues
• Types of Tissues
• Epithelium (covering)
• Connective (support)
• Muscle (movement)
• Nervous (control)

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Preparing tissues for microscopy

• Specimen is fixed (preserved)
• Cut into thin sections (slices)
• Stained with colored dyes

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Part I Epithelial Tissue
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Epithelial Tissue

• epithe laid on, covering
• Structure
• Covering and lining epithelium
• Glandular epithelium
• Function
• Protection
• Absorption
• Filtration
• Secretion

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Special Properties

• Polarity
• Apical surface exposed free surface or edge
  (some with microvilli, cilia)
• Basal surface lower, attached surface
• Specialized contacts
• Fits close together to form continuous sheets

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Special Properties

• Supported by connective tissue
• Rests on basement membrane
• No blood supply (avascular)
• Rely on diffusion and underlying connective
  tissue for food/O2
• Regeneration Replace lost cells

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Classification

• Two names ( cell layers) (shape of cells)
• Cell Layers simple or stratified
• Shapes squamous, cuboidal, or columnar

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Simple Epithelium

• Absorption, secretion, filtration
• Very thin

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Simple Epithelium
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Simple Epithelium

• Simple squamous
• Filtration, rapid diffusion
• Capillary walls, air sacs in lungs, kidney
  filtration
• Serous membranes slick layer lining ventral body
  cavity and its organs

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Simple Epithelium

• Simple cuboidal
• Secretion absorption
• Lines ducts of glands (salivary), kidney tubules,
  ovary surface

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Simple Epithelium

• Simple columnar
• Absorption and secretion
• Lines digestive tract
• Microvilli, cilia
• Mucous membranes lubricating mucus

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Simple Epithelium

• Pseudostratified columnar
• Rests on basement membrane false impression
  (pseudo) of being multi-layered
• Secretes or absorbs
• Respiratory tract cilia propels mucus from
  lungs

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Stratified Epithelium

• 2 layers, more durable
• Main function protect

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Stratified Epithelium

• Stratified squamous
• Withstand abuse, friction
• Esophagus, mouth, outer portion of skin

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Stratified Epithelium

• Stratified cuboidal
• Usually 2 layers
• Mainly in ducts of large glands (sweat, mammary,
  salivary)

Sweat Gland
Esophageal Gland
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Stratified Epithelium

• Stratified columnar
• Thick, waterproof layer
• Pharynx, male urethra, lining ducts

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Transitional Epithelium

• Able to change shape (cuboidal ? squamous)
• Lining of hollow urinary organs (bladder, ureter,
  urethra)
• Stretches when filled with urine

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Glandular Epithelium

• Gland make and secrete a particular product
• 2 Types
• Endocrine gland produce hormones secreted into
  tissue fluid or bloodstream
• Exocrine gland secrete products into ducts ?
  onto body surfaces or body cavities
• Eg. mucous, sweat, oil, saliva, bile

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Exocrine Glands

• Unicellular

• Multicellular

• Mucus cells or goblet cells

• Duct structure

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Warm-Up

• What type of connective tissue is shown below?

1.
2.
Adipose Tissue (Loose Connective Tissue)
Cartilage
3.
4.
Bone
Blood
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Tissue The Living Fabric

• Chapter 4

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Part II Connective Tissue
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Connective Tissue

• Most abundant and widely distributed tissue
• Main classes
• Connective tissue proper (loose dense)
• Cartilage
• Bone
• Blood
• Functions
• Binding and support
• Protection
• Insulation
• Transport substances

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Classification

• Variations in blood supply
• Avascular (no blood) cartilage
• Poorly vascular tendons, ligaments
• Extracellular matrix
• Produced by cells, secreted to exterior
• Ground substance glue - fills space between
  cells fibers
• water adhesion proteins polysaccharides
• Fibers provide support
• Collagen - strength
• Elastic stretch
• Reticular fine network, skeleton of organs

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Loose Connective Tissue

• Universal packing material
• Subclasses areolar, adipose, reticular
• Structure softer, fewer fibers, gel-like matrix
• Functions
• Cushion protect organs (areolar, fat)
• Store nutrients (fat)
• Internal framework (reticular)
• Fight infection (areolar)
• Cells fibroblasts, adipocytes (fat cells)
• Locations under skin, lymph nodes, hips, behind
  eyeballs

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Dense Connective Tissue

• Tendons ligaments
• Subclasses dense regular, dense irregular,
  elastic
• Structure mainly collagen fibers
• Functions
• Elastic
• Resist tension
• Cells fibroblasts
• Locations tendons (muscle-bone), ligaments
  (bone-bone), lower layers of skin

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Cartilage

• Subclasses hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
• Structure flexible, no nerves or blood
• Functions
• Support
• Compression
• Cells chondroblasts, chondrocytes
• Locations larynx, joints, tip of nose, ear,
  intervertebral discs, rib-breastbone, knee joint

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Bone

• Osseous tissue
• Subclasses compact, spongy
• Structure hard, calcified matrix blood vessels
• Functions
• support protect
• Store calcium
• Blood cell formation (marrow)
• Cells osteoblasts, osteocytes
• Locations bones

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Blood

• Vascular tissue
• Subclasses blood cells, plasma
• Structure fluid within blood vessels, no fibers
• Functions
• Transport vehicle (nutrients, wastes, gases,
  hormones)
• Cells white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood
  cells (erythrocytes), platelets
• Locations blood vessels

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Part III Muscle Tissue

• 3 types
• Skeletal muscle
• Cardiac muscle
• Smooth muscle

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Skeletal Muscle

• Description
• Long, cylindrical
• Multinucleate (2 nuclei)
• Striated (banded appearance)
• Function
• Muscles contract, pull on bones or skin ? cause
  body movements
• Location in the body
• Attached to skeleton
• Other features
• Voluntary control

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Cardiac Muscle

• Description
• Striated
• Uninucleate (1 nucleus)
• Branching cells fit at junctions called
  intercalated discs
• Function
• Propel blood through blood vessels to all parts
  of body
• Locations in the body
• Walls of the heart
• Other features
• Involuntary control

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Smooth Muscle

• Description
• No visible striations
• 1 central nucleus
• Spindle-shaped (pointed ends)
• Function
• Propel substances through hollow organs
• Locations in the body
• Walls of organs (stomach, bladder, uterus, blood
  vessels)
• Other features
• Involuntary control
• Contracts slowly
• Peristalsis wavelike motion that moves food
  through SI

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Part IV Nervous Tissue

• Main component of nervous system
• Structure neuron dendrite cell body axon
• Function regulates and controls body functions
• Location in the body brain, spinal cord, nerves

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Part IV Nervous Tissue

• 2 Major Cell Types
• Neurons
• Respond to stimuli
• Transmit electrical impulses
• Other cells
• Support, insulate, protect neurons

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Tissue Repair

• Wound healing
• Two ways
• Regeneration replace destroyed tissue by same
  kind of cells
• Fibrosis form scar tissue (dense fibrous
  connective tissue)
• Depends on
• Type of tissue damaged
• Severity of injury

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Steps to Tissue Repair

• Inflammation
• Capillaries become very permeable
• WBCs and clotting proteins seep into injured
  area
• Clot prevents loss of blood (surface dries, forms
  a scab)

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Steps to Tissue Repair

• Granulation tissue forms
• Delicate pink tissue with new capillaries
• Connective tissue produces collagen fibers
• Epithelial cells multiply over granulation tissue

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Steps to Tissue Repair

• Surface epithelium regenerates
• Surface epithelium thickens
• Fibrous tissue matures forms scar tissue

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Regenerative Capacity of Different Tissues
Extremely Well Moderate Weak Virtually None (mostly scar tissue)
Skin epidermis Mucous membranes Fibrous connective Blood Bones Smooth muscle Tendons, ligaments Skeletal muscle Cartilage Cardiac muscle Nervous tissue
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Video National Geographic Explorer How to
Build a Beating Heart

• Topics
• Tissue regeneration
• Program Time 4556 minutes