Global Nationalism

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Global Nationalism

• Nationalism a feeling of strong devotion to
  ones country. Usually people who share a common
  language and heritage( history) or even
  geography. The belief that your nation can do no
  wrong ( even if it mean going to war or
  imperializing)

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Nationalism
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French Revolution

• The French Revolution inspired a strong sense of
  national unity in France
• This helped to spread the ideas of the French
  Revolution
• The excerpt in document 1 by the radical
  department of public safety attempts to unify all
  French into a nationalist zeal to come together
  (levee en masse ) to join together man and women,
  army and civilians for the idea of popular
  sovereignty.
• Document 2 provides a national identity through
  an anthem designed to unite and form a common
  bond ad identity (think of the U.S national
  anthem and how many others can you name) look at
  words like fatherland, bled shed for the cause
  and the role of the nation coming before the
  individual. These ideas strike the nationalistic
  goals.

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Napoleon

• Napoleon also inspired nationalism among the
  nations that he conquered
• However these nationalistic feelings inspired
  conquered peoples to rise up against Napoleon and
  his French army ( when France sneezes, the rest
  of Europe gets a cold was uttered by Prince
  Klemens Von Metternich of Austria (document 13)
  in fear of growing sentiment of the need to
  become a nation-state throughout Europe). The
  Congress of Vienna would be a meeting by European
  monarchs to attempt to end this by creating a
  legitimacy of the monarchs and a balance of
  power. Later, these alliances would create one of
  the causes of WWI.

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Nationalism Across Europe

• After the French Revolution, nationalism led to
  upheavals in Europe and elsewhere
• These movements for change/revolutions took place
  in Greece, Poland, Belgium, Austria, Italy and
  Germany

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Revolutions in Europe
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Nationalism in Greece

• In 1821 Greece revolted against the Ottoman
  Empire Greece received support from Britain,
  France and Russia because of their Christian
  background
• By 1830 Greece was independent ( also independent
  was Bulgaria, Serbia and Romania) all because
  they shared a similar culture to Europe rather
  than the Middle East (also had the desire to gain
  sovereignty)

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Nationalism in Poland

• Nationalists in Poland revolted in 1830 against
  Russia
• However Poland did not receive much support and
  their revolution was crushed by Russian troops
  why?
• Document 11 Tsar Nicholas I of Russia is
  speaking of Polands rebellion having been part
  of Russia for hundreds of years is justifying
  military intervention in putting down this
  rebellion referring to the nationalists as
  agitators. The purpose is to let the people of
  Russia ( and Poland) to know that tranquility has
  been restored.

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Nationalism in Latin America

• In Latin America revolutions helped colonies shed
  Spanish and French control
• Feelings of nationalism helped these countries
  rise up against their mother country
• These colonies became independent nations.
  Nationalism also got in the way of Simon
  Bolivars Gran Colombia (instead dividing into
  Columbia, Ecuador and Peru)

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The Unification of Italy

• Since the fall of the Roman Empire Italy had been
  divided into many small states
• Many Italians wished to see Italy united again
  (In document 3 Cavour the brains identifies a
  common enemy which was the foreign rule of
  Austria-Hungary to unite the people of Italian
  city-states and their common language, history
  and identity)

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Nationalism in Italy

• Cavour (shown here) was the "brain" in his role
  as a skilled diplomat. 
• Cavour successfully received aid from France in a
  war against the Austrians and eventually put
  Victor Emmanuel II on the throne of a completely
  united Italian nation-state in 1861. ( document 7
  illustrates the democratic reforms Emmanuel will
  provide providing order and peace as a manner to
  justify and legitimize the independence of Italy
  which (like most nationalists endeavors) comes
  with a fight

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Giuseppe Garibaldi

• Garibaldi was considered to be the "sword" of
  Italian nationalism. 
• His band of Red Shirts conquered forces opposed
  to unification and forced southern Italy into a
  cohesive political unit. In document 4 Garibaldi
  is encouraging Italians to fight against a common
  enemy (why do so many flags have the color red in
  them?) and even pressuring them to fight if they
  love their country (what about those that dont?)

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A United Italy

• By 1870, Italy was a united country again
• The country faced many problems
• 1.) The urban north quarreled with the rural
  south
• 2.) The Catholic Church argued with the
  government
• Document 10, Mazzini is arguing to stop the
  oppression of the monarchs of Europe and redraw
  the map based on common language, history and
  national identity to help politically unify
  Italy and is sometimes referred to as the
  architect of Italy.

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German Unification

• In the early 1800s, most German people lived in
  small states, not a united country
• During Napoleons conquests, feelings of
  nationalism were increased
• Many people wished to see a united Germany
• In documents 5 and 6 Otto Von Bismarck remarks
  about a common foe in Austria and how blood (war)
  and Iron (industrialization) are the ways to
  unite a fragmented German (Prussia along with
  Bavaria, Bohemia and others were once part of the
  Holy Roman Empire and were united by a common
  goal, heritage and language (German)

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German Unification

• Prussia was the most powerful of the German
  states
• IN 1862, Otto von Bismarck was appointed
  chancellor of Prussia

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Germany Before Unification
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Blood and Iron

• Bismarck believed that the only way to unify
  Germany was through a policy known as blood and
  iron
• He had no faith in speeches and diplomacy
• Only war

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German Unification

• In seven years, Bismarck led Prussia into three
  wars
• Each war increased Prussias prestige and moved
  the German states closer to unification
• Danish War versus Denmark
• Austro-Prussian War versus Austria
• Franco-Prussian War versus France

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Germany United

• IN 1871, the German states united under the
  Prussian king, William I
• He called himself the Kaiser
• Kaiser comes from Caesar and means emperor
• Document 9 provides a stronger nationalistic view
  of the German tribes taking on an extremely
  ethnocentric tone suggesting the Germans not
  degrade themselves by mingling with others and
  serves to unify by identifying a Archetype of
  what a German is. Suggesting Germans remain true
  to themselves (providing a strong pride in nation)

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Zionism

• As nationalism grew in Europe it led to an
  increase in anti-Semitism
• As people became more patriotic about their
  country, they also became more intolerant of
  those whom they saw as outsiders, including Jews
• Document 8 Theodore Hertzl has identified the
  role of the Jews in building modern Europe but
  identifies their historical marginalization and
  the need for an independent homeland (Israel) His
  suggestion is a slow and deliberate migration to
  Palestine to create a sovereign Jewish state.

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Zionism

• As anti-Semitism grew, many Jews fled to
  Palestine, the ancient Jewish homeland in the
  Middle East
• There they built homes and organized communities

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Nationalism in the Balkans

• Nationalism was a source of conflict in the
  Balkan peninsula of southeastern Europe
• There were many ethnic groups that were
  controlled by the Ottoman Empire and
  Austria-Hungary

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Nationalism in the Balkans
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Nationalism in the Balkans

• The Ottoman Empire became known as the sick man
  of Europe because of the land that was lost
• The empire slowly lost more and more territory

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Nationalism Reaction to Imperialism

• Chinese Nationalist revolution Led by Dr. SunYat
  Sen against Qing Dynasty
• Mahdi Movement- Sudanese Islamist against British
• Pan Arab movement against Ottoman Rule
• Pan Slav Movement against Ottoman Rule
• Philippine Nationalist led by Emilio Aguinaldo
  against American forces

• Indian Nationalist Movement against British
  Raj-establish Indian National Congress and
  self-rule movement
• Japanese Nationalism under Mejii restoration
• Russian Nationalism and Tsarist Russification
  process

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19th Century Nationalism Unifying or Divisive

• Causes common culture, need to gain freedom,
  identification of a common history, enlightened
  ideals (when France sneezes the rest of Europe
  gets a cold thank Napoleon), common enemy(Empire)
• Patterns of nationalist acquisition wars,
  alliances( help from other like-minded powers),
  anthems, flags, red-shirts, phrases like Blood
  and Iron, tap into historical legitimacy
  (biblical Zion), dreams of an ideal (Gran
  Colombia, constitution, rights), flags and
  martyrization of founders
• Effects- Unity or divisions, bloodshed and wars
  of independence, independence, constitutions,
  solidified alliances or deeper seeded enemies,
  incomplete freedom (colonies), increased
  nationalism, brinksmanship ( pushing alliances to
  the brink of war (WWI)

• Case Studies- United States, France, Haiti, Latin
  America, Mexico, Greece, Poland, Bulgaria, Italy,
  Germany, India, Philippines, Zionism(Jewish
  homeland), Albania, Serbia, Romania, Hungary,
  China, Pan Arab, Pan Slav, Japan, Russia, African
  colonies
• Evidence Leaders Bourgeoisie, Creoles, Mazzini,
  Cavour, Garibaldi, Bismarck, Herzl, Sun Yat Sen.
  Mahdi movement, Emilio Aguinaldo . Mejii Emperor,
  Zapata,
• Wars Independence wars, Crimean,
  Franco-Prussian, Sino-Japanese, Zulu wars,
  Russo-Japanese Wars, Spanish-American Wars, Sepoy
  Mutiny, Boxer Rebellion
• By 1900 Ottoman and Austria-Hungary fragmented.
  British and French , Russian, USA, strengthened
• New Nation-states- Greece, Italy, Germany,
  Albania, Bulgaria, Bolivia, Venezuela, etc.
• Incomplete independence- Ireland, Serbia, Poland,
  African colonies, India, SE Asia ( Vietnam),
  Cuba, Philippines, China(still Qing),

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Theses

• Nationalism served as a unifying factor in Latin
  America under the enlightened ideals and the
  proposition of throwing off the tyranny of
  Spanish mercantilism, in Italy under the
  leadership of Cavour, Mazzini and Garibaldi and
  identifying a common history and heritage and in
  Germany under the leadership of Otto Von Bismarck
  unifying under the idea of blood (war) and iron
  (industrialism.
• In the 19th century nationalism served to unify
  the French under the ideals of liberty,
  fraternity and equality, in the United States
  with the notion that taxation without
  representation was wrong and unify the oppressed
  Jewish community in Europe whose Zionist ideals
  under Theodore Herzl would see an independent
  Israel in 1948.
• 19th century nationalism served to unify the
  Greeks in 1830 with the help of Christian powers
  (British and French), India where reforms under
  Ram Rahn Roy and nationalist leaders would create
  the Indian National Congress exacting Self-rule
  and independence in 1947, and nationalist rulers
  like Sun Yat Sen who led a rebellion against the
  Qing Government and became independent in 1911

• IN the 19th century the fight for Italian
  Independence led to the fragmentation of the
  Austrian-Hungarian empire, Bulgarian independence
  led to the fragmentation of the Ottoman sick man
  of Europe Empire, and the failure of Simon
  Bolivars Gran Colombia fragmenting into nation
  states like Venezuela, Peru and Columbia.
• The 19th century nationalism divided the British
  empire with American independence, revolutions
  throughout Europe in 1848 led to war and
  bloodshed and Poland's attempt to divide
  themselves from Russia failed after a violent
  attempt.
• In the 19th century Czechs, Romanians and
  Serbians fought to divide themselves from the
  Austria-Hungarian Empires due to a common Pan
  Slavic culture, Ireland would continue the fight
  against Great Britain only to suffer the
  consequences of the Potato famine and Sudanese
  revolutionaries in the Mahdi movement would fight
  unsuccessfully against British occupation in
  Africa