Nuclear Nonproliferation and Balance

1

• Nuclear Nonproliferation and Balance Role
• for Future Strategic Relations Between the
  Republic of Korea and Australia
• CHOE, Kwan-Kyoo
• Korea Institute of Nuclear Nonproliferation and
  Control (KINAC)
• Nautilus Institute research workshop
• Strong connections Australia-Korea strategic
  relations past, present and future
• Seoul, 15-16 June, 2010

2
Contents

• I. Introduction
• II. Nuclear Energy in Two Countries
• III. Regional Security and Nuclear
  Nonproliferation
• IV. Strategic Approaches for Future Cooperation
• V. Conclusion

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I. Introduction - 1

• Purposes of Presentation
• 1) Clarifying Common Aspects
• ? Accents Highlighted to Nuclear
  Nonproliferation Policy
• 2) Interdependence and Synergetic
  Cooperation
• ? Ways and Principles
• 3) Finding Out Balance Role for
  International Security and Peace
• ? Geopolitical Aspects
• ? Economic and Social Dimension
• ? Political and Military Areas

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I. Introduction - 2

• Features of Mutual Relations
• 1) Relatively short history, but Cooperative
  and Complementary
• ? End of the 2nd World War and start of
  mutual official contacts
• ? Australia providing energy resources,
  raw materials, elaborately transformed
• manufactures, food and beverages,
  and technology and services to the ROK, while
• importing finished products such as
  cars, telecommunications equipment and computers.
• 2) Common Aspects and Fundamental
  Differences
• ? Common aspects Joint struggling
  experience against Japan Imperialism against
• Communist expansionism, USA alliance
  policy strategy, relatively strong influence of
• Christianity in culture, coherent
  nuclear nonproliferation policy
• ? Fundamental differences European
  background Northeast Asian geopolitical
• background, Pacific-Indian Ocean
  oriented strategic features and Eurasian
  Continent
• oriented characteristics, Minimum
  application of nuclear energy use and Maximum
  uses
• of nuclear energy for peaceful
  purposes

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I. Introduction - 3

• Strong and global engagement strategy
• 1) Both countries taking active engagement
  strategy to regional and global security issues
• ? Korean War, Vietnam War, Iraq,
  Afghanistan, East Timor, etc.
• 2) Continued engagement and presence in the
  Asia-Pacific region of the United States is
• considered as a crucial element for
  performing the strategy by both countries
• 3) Strong anti-terrorism and active global
  movement against WMD proliferation
• Strategy concept and balance roles
• 1) In terms of defense policy, both countries
  pursuing commonly the capacity to
• ? act independently where having
  unique strategic interests at stake
• ? lead military coalitions where
  having shared strategic interests at stake with
  others
• ? make tailored contributions to
  military coalitions where sharing wider strategic
  
• interests with others and willing
  to accept a share of the burden in securing those
  
• interests. Cf.
  Defending Australia in the Asia Pacific Century
  Force 2030, p. 13
• 2) Geopolitical approaches and reinforcing
  balance of power by way of coalition strategy
• of the two middle powers, which
  joined by European and USA alliance strategy

6
Nuclear Energy in Two Countries - 1

• Position of nuclear energy
• 1) Australia Abundant energy resources
  (Coal, LNG, Uranium, etc.)
• ? Minimum application 1 Research
  reactor with abundant Uranium
• ? Rich of fossil energy resources
• ? Nuclear energy policy changeable
  considering its new security concern
• Potential impact of climate change and
  resource security issues, involving future
  tensions
• over the supply of energy and water,
  Australia is not dare exclude nuclear energy for
  its
• full application (cf. Defence
  White Paper 2009 - Defending Australia in the
  Asia/Pacific
• Century Force 2030 , p. 39)
• 2) ROK Import of 97 natural energy
  resources from abroad
• ? 20 Reactors in operation, 8 under
  construction and 10 more to be built by 2030
• (Release of the ROKs Energy Basic
  Plan for 2008-2030 in August 2008)
• ? Vulnerability of energy security
  leading to efficient and sustainable energy
• resources Nuclear energy and LNG
  (Second largest importer of LNG)

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II. Nuclear Energy in Two Countries - 2

• Strong engagement for nuclear nonproliferation
• 1) Australias position
• ? Combination of global
  institutional counter-proliferation measures and
  export
• control regimes with military power
  projection, including US extended
• deterrence
• cf. Military power will continue
  to play an important role in the disruption of
  WMD
• proliferation activity ltgt
  the best defence against WMD proliferation will
  
• continue to be found in
  security assurances, including US extended
  deterrence.
• ? Leading role in setting and
  operation of nuclear nonproliferation regimes
• a . Global regimes NPT, NSG, IAEA Safeguards
  systems, CTBT, CWC
• b. Regional and bilateral
  cooperation APSN (Chair and Secretary Works),
  ICNND
• c. Asias major actor against
  nuclear nonproliferation

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II. Nuclear Energy in Two Countries - 3

• 2) ROKs position Denuclearization and
  global nuclear nonproliferation
• ? Declaration of joint
  denuclearization of Korean peninsula (1991)
• ? Declaration of 4 Principles for
  peaceful uses of nuclear energy(2004)
• ? Continuing Pursuit of
  transparency and international confidence
• Broader Conclusion drawn by IAEA
  (June 08) and Implementation of IS (July 08)
• - All declared nuclear
  materials are appropriately accounted for, and
  there are no
• undeclared materials or
  activities of safeguards significances
• ? Joining to vendor club of
  nuclear reactor building (09) For UAE and
  Jordan
• 3) Common point Engagement for global
  nuclear nonproliferation
• ? How to cooperate with what
  common targets ?

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III. Regional Security and Nuclear
Nonproliferation - 1

• Structure of regional security
• 1) First and unique place where nuclear bombs
  employed for real war
• 2) 4 main aspects of geopolitical conflicts
• ? Maritime and Continental powers
• - Pacific-Indian Ocean Eurasian
  Continent dimension
• ? Asian and Western powers
• - China-Korea-Japan-ASEAN
  USA-Russia-Oceania
• ? Multiple religious powers
• - Islam Hinduism Buddhism
  Christianity
• ? Leftovers of the ideological
  conflicts
• - China, Vietnam, North Korea
  Capitalism
• 3) Dynamics of divers economic levels and
  activities
• ? USA, Japan, ROK, Australia China,
  Russia ASEAN N. Korea, Mongolia
• ? ASEAN 3, ASEM APEC,
  Competitive FTA, BRICs
• ? Nuclear renaissance and new nuclear
  comer countries (Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia,
  etc)

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III. Regional Security and Nuclear
Nonproliferation - 2

• Regional security and nuclear nonproliferation
• 1) Regional instability
• ? Combination of 4 main factors of
  geopolitics
• 2) Realism or idealism for the international
  security ?
• ? Strategic approach for balance of
  power with institutional taking root
• 3) Priorities for regional security
• ? Removal of past traces Clearing the
  Cold War leftovers, International cooperation for
• 
  Korean peninsular reunification
• ? Strengthening of regional
  interdependence in social and economic dimensions
• ? Multilateral supports for
  democratization and social liberty
• ? Nuclear nonproliferation and
  fundamental nuclear disarmament
• ? Comprehensive denuclearization of
  the region

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III. Regional Security and Nuclear
Nonproliferation - 3

• Nuclear nonproliferation activities
• 1) Australia
• ? Implementation of Integrated Safeguards
  system after satisfying the
• Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement (CSA)
  of IAEA with its Additional Protocol(AP)
• ? Leading role in Asia-Pacific region
• - APSN establishment basic and loose
  format (Non-binding) of nuclear community
• - ICNND (International Committee on
  Nuclear Nonproliferation and Disarmament)
• 2) ROK
• ? Declaration of 4 Principles for
  peaceful uses of nuclear energy(2004)
• ? One of the main targets of 6 Party
  Talks Denuclearization of Korean Peninsula
• ? Strengthening of 3S (Safeguards,
  Security, Safety) in conjunction of nuclear uses
• ? Host for the 2nd Nuclear Security Summit in
  2012
• ? Launching for Establishment and Operation
  of International Education and Training
• Center for Nuclear Security, of which
  operation will be ready by 2012

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Safeguards Implementation - 1
Supplier
NPT
Full-scope Safeguards
IAEA
Report, Consultation
Multi/Bilateral Cooperation (SG, PP, Export
Control)
Enhanced SSAC Utilization
Compliance and Cooperation
MEST
LWR, CANDU Enhanced Cooperation
Entrustment
Report
KINAC
IAEA Inspection
National Inspection
Additional Protocol
Reports
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Safeguards Implementation - 2

• IAEA Inspection
• 36 MBAs (Nuclear Power Plant 20 units, KAERI,
  etc.)
• 202 PDIs(2009), while 343 PDIs (2008) and
  460(2007)
• cf. PDI means Person-Day-Inspection
• National Inspection (SSAC)
• Inspection Share with IAEA SSAC at LWRs
• 465 PDIs(2009), while 749 PDIs (2008), 624(2007)
• IS (Integrated Safeguards) Preparation and
  Implementation
• 7 times Working Group Meeting (Mar. 2005 Dec.
  2007)
• Broader Conclusion (IAEA Board of governors,
  Jun. 2008)
• Implementation of IS from Jul. 1st, 2008

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Physical Protection Implementation -1
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Physical Protection Main Works - 2

• ? Design Basis Threat
• Re-evaluation and Maintenance of Design Basis
  Threat
• Establishment of Design Basis Threat
• ? Establishment of Implementation System
• Establishment of a PP system for each NF
• Development of technical standards for inspection
  and review
• Vulnerability and risk assessment of a PP system
• Establishment of a central control system
• Establishment of education and exercise program
• ? Establishment of Measures against Terror
• Development of techniques for evaluation of
  radiological terror (RT)
• Establishment of a response system against RT

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Nuclear Export Control System (NEPS)
Licensing Approval
Reporting Declaration
Portal
Enterprises (User)

• Export Control Information
• User Support System

• Applying
• Review
• Licensing
• Approval
• Statistics

Licensing

• Applying
• Review
• Licensing
• Approval
• Statistics

Trade Report
MEST
Implementation
Catch-all
Digital Certificate
Self-Classification Support Tool
Certification
Brokering

• Control Item List
• Control Specification

Declaration
Approval
Export Control Monitoring
KINAC
Customs Linkage
Technical assistance
Information Collecting
Collecting Engine

• License Clearance
• Statistics

Information Management
Relevant Authorities

• Analyzing
• Real-time Collection
• Categorization

• News Board
• Report Board
• Webzine Issuance

• Object
• Key Word
• Schedule

Expert Group
Data Bases
Customs Service

• HSKcode
• Control
• Specification
• Controlled Items

• Enterprise
• Application
• Business Processing
• Expert Opinion

Business Process
Monitoring DB
Basic DB
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IV. Strategic Approaches for Future Cooperation -
1

• International security posture
• 1) Australia
• ? Outlook
• - Strategic outer facts Rise of
  China, emergence of India End of the unipolar
  moment
• - Strategic interest in preserving an
  international order that restrains aggression by
  states
• against each other
• - Defence policy to be founded on the
  principle of self-reliance
• - Active engagement diplomacy UN
  peace-keeping and nuclear nonproliferation policy
• 2) ROK
• ? Outlook
• - Preservation of national security
  from outer military threat and invasion
• - Support for peaceful reunification
• - Contribution to regional stability
  and international peace
• - Active engagement policy UN
  peace-keeping and nuclear nonproliferation policy

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IV. Strategic Approaches for Future
Cooperation - 2

• Mutual cooperation for security
• 1) On 5 March 2009, President M.B. Lee and
  Prime Minister Rudd released a Joint Statement on
  Enhanced Global and Security Cooperation.
• 2) Specific areas of cooperation in the
  statement include
• ? Law enforcement, border security,
  counter-terrorism
• ? Disarmament and non-proliferation
• ? Defence and disaster response
• Global cooperation through respective engagement
  policy
• 1) Strong and common commitment to regional and
  global initiatives against terrorism and to
  prevention of the proliferation of WMD as middle
  powers 
• ? In October 2009, the ROK Government
  announced plans to establish a
• Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) in
  Afghanistan 350 soldiers and 40
• police and 75 civilian aid and
  reconstruction workers, as part of the PRT.

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IV. Strategic Approaches for Future
Cooperation - 3

• 2) Troop deployment to Iraq
• ? 3,500 at its peak - the third largest
  contribution after the US and the UK
• ? Mostly engineers and medical support
  personnel involved in reconstruction of
• road and bridge building, delivery of
  training to local police and officials
• ? In addition to a military contribution,
  the ROK allocated US 260 million in aid
• to Iraq during 20032008, and an
  additional 200 million for 20082011
• 3) UN Security Councils co-sponsors
• ? ROK provided around 350 troops for
  service in the United Nations Interim Force
• (UNIFIL) in Lebanon
• ? ROK and Australia were among the 18
  co-sponsors of the UN Security Council's
• December 2008 Resolution 1846 against
  piracy off the coast of Somalia.
• - ROK National Assembly gave approval
  for a ROK Navy warship to be deployed from
• March 2009, in order to take part in
  the international effort to combat piracy in the
  waters
• off the Gulf of Aden, which still
  being in activity.

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IV. Strategic Approaches for Future
Cooperation - 4

• Concrete action for the Statement of security
  cooperation
• 1) On 16 December 2009, ROK Minister for
  Foreign Affairs and Trade Yu and Australia
  Minister for Foreign Affairs Smith signed a
  Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on Development
  Cooperation.
• ? The MOU reflects international
  development assistance efforts
• - Engaging on development aspects of the
  G20 agenda, particularly while the
• ROK chairs the G20 during 2010
• - Strengthening cooperation in disaster
  and emergency preparedness, response
• and management (Participation at the
  joint investigation on a Korean warship
• sinking by attack from North Korea
  submarine in 2010)
• 2) On April 2009, KINAC and ASNO signed a MOU
  on cooperation for
• safeguards activities
• ? Launching of APSN agreed at Seoul
  meeting from Oct. 1, 2009 through a
• mutual close cooperation and effort

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IV. Strategic Approaches for Future
Cooperation - 5

• Future approaches
• 1) Slow starting in recognizing the mutual
  importance
• ? US, China, Japan, India and Indonesia
  focused strategic approaches
• cf.
  Australia Defence White Book 2009
• ? ROKs position 4 Powers (US, China,
  Japan, Russia) oriented strategic approaches in
  conjunction with
• North
  Koreas threats
• 2) Strategic cooperation for balance of power
• ? Political aspect Strong development of
  cooperation for mutual partnership
• - Historical, religious and
  ideological background of mutual cooperation for
  peace
• ? Military aspect Coalition between middle
  power for the geopolitical balance
• - Based on USA alliance strategy,
• - Making regional security
  environment, which can absorb the rise in
  strategic and military power of
• emerging major players (Australia
  Defence White Book 2009, p. 43)
• ? Economic aspect Maximization of
  complementary relations
• - Complementary factor can facilitate
  the FTA applications

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VI. Conclusion - 1

• Common Aspects
• 1) Fully committed to regional security and
  international nuclear nonproliferation efforts
• 2) Strong alliance strategy with USA as well as
  on close cooperation with international WMD
  nonproliferation regimes
• From Coalition to further strong and strategic
  relations
• 1) Establish a geopolitical balance axis
  through strategic cooperation
• ? Form Eastern wing of security by
  strong coalition among USA-ROK-Australia,
• while Western wing of security by close
  coalition with European Union-
• Australia-ROK
• - Strategic objective Balance of
  power for keeping dominant power(s) from
• 
  overwhelming against others

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VI. Conclusion - 2

• 2) Form an interdependent and complementary
  economic relations
• ? Australia
• Abundant natural resources, high
  technology, agriculture, education, finance,
• Military industry (Limit of domestic
  demand/market)
• ? ROK
• IT, Heavy industry (Car, Ship-building,
  Train, Aero-space, etc) and
• Manufacturing industry, Nuclear reactor
  construction industry, etc.
• 3) Form a strong political partnership
• ? With common objective of regional
  security and peace, make agenda in common and
• have a close pace at its procedure of
  discussion in international society
• ? With advantage of native English
  speaking ability, combine original ideas and
  passion
• for international peace and security of
  the ROK with both middle capacity of financial
• support

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? ? ? ? ?