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Title: Colonial%20American%20Religion


1
Colonial American Religion
  • Overview, Geography, Key Figures

2
Map showing EuropeanColonies1700-1763
3
The Thirteen British Colonies
  • Each of the Thirteen Colonies had a distinct
    religious orientation
  • The Colonies can be divided into three geographic
    groups for convenience in understanding their
    religious development

4
The Southern British Colonies
  • Southern Colonies Virginia, the Carolinas,
    Georgia - founded as Crown Colonies, they lived
    by the Elizabethan settlement and were bound to
    maintain conformity to the Church of England,
    enforced by the state.
  • Despite this official religious outlook, these
    colonies were often not very religiously pious.

5
The New England Colonies
  • New England Colonies Massachusetts Bay, Rhode
    Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire (earlier,
    absorbed colonies of New Haven and Plymouth, too)
  • These colonies were founded by Puritans and/or
    Radical Reformers religion was a primary reason
    for their existence.

6
The Mid-Atlantic Colonies
  • Mid-Atlantic Colonies - New York, New Jersey,
    Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware - adopted
    religious pluralism because they attracted trade.
    This area created some lasting and successful
    experiments in religious tolerance.
  • Pennsylvania was founded by Quakers, for
    themselves and other Radical reformation groups.
    Maryland was, at times, a refuge for British
    Catholics.

7
Pilgrims Non-Conformist Separatists
  • Pilgrims had refused to conform to the Church of
    England. Temporarily fleeing to Holland, they
    eventually settled in Plymouth colony, south of
    Boston.
  • This artistic re-imagining of the Mayflower
    Compact features William Brewster, one of Pilgrim
    leaders.

8
Puritans Conformist Reformers
The Arabella The perfectly functional ship on
which the Puritans arrived from England in 1630
  • Puritans sought to purify the Church of England.
  • They were conformists who sought to reform the
    Church of England
  • They received a legitimate charter from King
    Charles I to settle in Massachusetts in 1630

9
Charles I the Puritans Anti-Christ
  • Came to throne in 1625
  • Distrusted Puritans
  • Sought to re-establish divine right of kings and
    absolute rule by monarch
  • Dismissed Parliament
  • Puritans believed he was the anti-Christ
    predicted in the Book of Revelation
  • Famous portrait by Van Dyck

10
Puritans Have to Decide
  • Stay in England and fight evil King Charles?
  • OR
  • Move to New World and launch a religious utopia
    that will prove to the world the justice and
    godliness of the Puritan cause?

11
Puritans Decidefor Regicide!
  • Some stay in England to fight evil King Charles,
    and win a revolution in England
  • AND OTHERS
  • Move to New World and launch a religious utopia
    that will prove to the world the justice and
    godliness of the Puritan cause, by founding the
    Puritan colony of Massachusetts

Execution of King Charles I, 1649
12
The Puritan Reputation
  • The Puritans were quite strict with themselves,
    and with others
  • Note, from the current catalog of SJSUs English
    Department, the course offerings in British
    theater.
  • Puritans, in control of England from 1642 to
    1660, closed all the theaters.

13
John Winthrop (1588-1649)
  • First Governor of Massachusetts Colony
  • Puritan leader who wrote A Model of Christian
    Charity aboard the Arabella
  • Technically separates government and religion,
    but also maintains that religion should be
    uniform throughout colony.
  • Clergy and political officials should be visible
    saints.

14
A Model of Christian Charity
  • Thus stands the cause between God and us we are
    entered into covenant with Him for this work
  • But, Mr. Winthrop, how can this be? God does not
    often appear like in Biblical times
  • we have taken out a commission, the Lord hath
    given us leave to draw out our own articles.

15
Covenant and Contract
  • John Winthrop was a lawyer
  • He uses both covenant and commission
  • A covenant is a special kind of contract
  • A covenant involves
  • ongoing commitment
  • reciprocity on both sides
  • personal relationship between parties
  • often a structural inequality between parties

16
A Model of Christian CharityHow Will We Know
Gods Will?
  • We have professed to enterprise on these
    actionswe have hereupon besought Him of favor
    and blessing. Now if the Lord shall please to
    hear us and bring us in peace to the place we
    desire, then hath He ratified this covenant and
    sealed our Commission, and will expect a strict
    performance of the articles contained in it.
  • But the Puritans ship was nearing Boston

17
A Model of Christian CharityIf We Disobey,
Theres Hell to Pay
  • But if we shall neglect the observations of
    these articles which are the ends we have
    propounded, and dissembling with our God, shall
    fall to embrace this present world and prosecute
    our carnal intentions, seeking great things for
    ourselves and our posterity, the Lord will surely
    break out in wrath against us, be revenged of
    such a perjured people, and make us know the
    price of the breach of such a covenant.

18
A Model of Christian CharityThe Puritans as
Covenant Community
  • Now the only way to avoid this shipwreck and to
    provide for our posterity is to follow the
    counsel of Micah to do justly, to love mercy, to
    walk humbly with our God.
  • Micah, one of the minor prophets at the end of
    the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, is used here to
    affirm the prophetic mission of the Puritans, but
    also to counsel humility

19
A Model of Christian CharityThe Puritans as
Covenant Community
  • For this end, we must be knit together in this
    work as one man. We must entertain each other in
    brotherly affection we must be willing to
    abridge ourselves of our superfluities for the
    supply of others necessities.We must delight in
    each other, make others conditions our own,
    rejoice together, mourn together, labor and
    suffer together, always having before our eyes
    our commission and community in the work, our
    community as members of the same body.

20
A Model of Christian CharityWe Will Be the
People Most Pleasing to God
  • So shall we keep the unity of the spirit in the
    bond of peace, the Lord will be our God and
    delight to dwell among us, as His own people, and
    will command a blessing upon us in all our ways,
    so that we shall see much more of His wisdom,
    power, goodness, and truth than formerly we have
    been acquainted with.
  • Meaning if the Puritans can establish their
    utopic vision, God will be closer here in America
    than elsewhere God Bless America

21
A Model of Christian CharityThe Puritans are a
Community
  • We shall find that the God of Israel is among
    us, when ten of us shall be able to resist a
    thousand of our enemies, when He shall make us a
    praise and glory, that men shall say of
    succeeding plantations The Lord make it like
    that of New England.
  • The Puritans see their narrative in epic terms of
    Biblical proportions

22
A Model of Christian CharityThe Puritans are
Exemplars to the World
  • For we must consider that we shall be as a city
    upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us.
    So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in
    this work we have undertaken, as so cause Him to
    withdraw His present help from us, we shall be
    made a story and a byword through the world

23
A Model of Christian CharityIf We Fail, We
Injure Gods Reputation!
  • we shall open the mouths of enemies to speak
    evil of the ways of God and all professors for
    Gods sake we shall shame the faces of many of
    Gods worthy servants, and cause their prayers to
    be turned into curses upon us, till we be
    consumed out of the good land whither we are
    going.

24
Uses of City on a Hill
  • The phrase comes from the Bible, the Gospel of
    Matthew, during Jesus Sermon on the Mount
  • Politicians, though, attribute it to Winthrop
  • American politicians have adopted the phrase to
    stand for American exceptionalism

25
John F. Kennedy City on a Hill
  • I have been guided by the standard John
    Winthrop set before his shipmates on the flagship
    Arabella three hundred and thirty-one years ago,
    as they, too, faced the task of building a new
    government on a perilous frontier.?"We must
    always consider," he said, "that we shall be as a
    city upon a hillthe eyes of all people are upon
    us.?Today the eyes of all people are truly upon
    usand our governments, in every branch, at every
    level, national, state and local, must be as a
    city upon a hillconstructed and inhabited by men
    aware of their great trust and their great
    responsibilities.?For we are setting out upon a
    voyage in 1961 no less hazardous than that
    undertaken by the Arabella in 1630. We are
    committing ourselves to tasks of statecraft no
    less awesome than that of governing the
    Massachusetts Bay Colony, beset as it was then by
    terror without and disorder within. (Jan 9,
    1961 speech)

26
Ronald Reagan City on a Hillpt. 1
  • ...I've spoken of the shining city all my
    political life, but I don't know if I ever quite
    communicated what I saw when I said it. But in my
    mind it was a tall proud city built on rocks
    stronger than oceans, wind-swept, God-blessed,
    and teeming with people of all kinds living in
    harmony and peace, a city with free ports that
    hummed with commerce and creativity, and if there
    had to be city walls, the walls had doors and the
    doors were open to anyone with the will and the
    heart to get here. That's how I saw it and see it
    still

27
Ronald Reagan City on a Hillpt. 2
  • And how stands the city on this winter night?
    More prosperous, more secure, and happier than it
    was eight years ago. But more than that. After
    200 years, two centuries, she still stands strong
    and true on the granite ridge, and her glow has
    held steady no matter what storm. And shes still
    a beacon, still a magnet for all who must have
    freedom, for all the pilgrims from all the lost
    places who are hurtling through the darkness,
    toward home.
  • Weve done our part. And as I walk off into the
    city streets, a final word to the men and women
    of the Reagan Revolution the men and women
    across America who for eight years did the work
    that brought America back.
  • My friends, we did it. We werent just marking
    time we made a difference. We made the city
    stronger we made the city freer and we left
    her in good hands. All in all, not bad not bad
    at all.

28
Ronald Reagan City on a Hillpt. 3
  • And so, goodbye, God bless you, and God bless the
    United States of America.
  • Thus concludes Ronald Reagans Farewell Speech to
    the Nation, delivered on January 11, 1989
  • Notice that he checks in to make sure America
    followed the covenant during his time as a leader.

29
Michael Dukakis1988 Speech Accepting Democratic
Presidential Nomination
  • And my friends, what we have done reflects a
    simple but a very profound idea, an idea as
    powerful as any in human history. It is the idea
    of community, the kind of community that binds us
    here tonight. It is the idea that we are all in
    this together, that regardless of who we are or
    where weve come from or how much money we have
    each of us counts and that by working together
    to create opportunity and good life for all, all
    of us are enriched, not just in economic terms,
    but as citizens and as human beings.

30
Michael Dukakis1988 Speech Accepting Democratic
Presidential Nomination
  • The idea of community, an idea planted in the New
    World by the first governor of Massachusetts. We
    must, said John Winthrop, love one another with
    a pure heart, fervently. We must delight in each
    other, make each others condition our own,
    rejoice together, mourn together, and suffer
    together. We must, he said, be knit together as
    one knit together as one.
  • Now John Winthrop wasnt talking about material
    success. He was talking about a country where
    each of us asks not only whats in it for some of
    us, but whats good and whats right for all of
    us.

31
Pat Robertson1988 Speech Addressing
RepublicanNationalConvention
  • Pat Robertson, a well-known televangelist and
    preacher, had competed for the 1988 Republican
    Presidential Nomination.
  • He did not win the nomination, but he had
    enough support that American political protocol
    ensured that he could address the convention
  • He was livid that Dukakis had appropriated
    Winthrops speech, and so Robertson decided to
    return Winthrops speech to the Republican party
  • Robertsons speech delivered August 16, 1988,
    one month after Dukakis

32
Pat Robertson1988 Speech Addressing
RepublicanNationalConventionpt. 1
  • Ladies and Gentlemen, the Republican Party wants
    to write a tale of another city.
  • We are the children of those who tamed the
    wilderness, spanned a continent, and brought
    forth the greatest nation on the face of the
    earth. We are the heirs of those who enriched the
    world with the electric light, the telephone, the
    airplane, mass-produced automobiles, the
    transistor, and countless wonderful inventions.
  • Yet we are the heirs of a more enduring legacy
    than mere material progress. We are heirs of a
    legacy of ideas -- a legacy of freedom -- of
    equality -- of opportunity. A legacy of
    government of the people, by the people, and for
    the people. We are the heirs of an experiment in
    freedom that has given hope and promise to all of
    the people on this earth.

33
Pat Robertson1988 Speech Addressing
RepublicanNationalConventionpt. 2
  • We see a city set on a hill. A shining light of
    freedom for all of the nations to see and admire.
    A city made great by the moral strength and
    self-reliance of her people. A city where
    husbands and wives love each other and families
    hold together. A city where every child, whether
    rich or poor, has available to him the very best
    education in the world. A city where the elderly
    live out their lives with respect and dignity,
    and where the unborn child is safe in his
    mother's womb. A city where the plague of drugs
    is no more and those who would destroy and debase
    our children with illegal drugs are given life
    sentences in prison with no chance for parole. A
    city where the streets are safe. Where criminals
    are locked up and the law abiding can walk about
    without fear. A city where the water is pure to
    drink, the air clean to breathe, and the citizens
    respect and care for the soil, the forests, and
    God's other creatures who share with us the
    earth, the sky, and the water. A city with
    limited government but unlimited opportunity for
    all people.

34
The Puritans Discontents
Anne Hutchinson at her trial (left) Roger
Williams wandering south into Rhode Island (right)
  • The New World could not contain the religious
    energies of a people empowered to think for
    themselves.
  • The most significant of the rebels were Anne
    Hutchinson and Roger Williams, both of whom
    clashed directly with John Winthrop.

35
Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643)
  • Raised by her father, a rebellious proto-Puritan
    minister.
  • He provided Anne a strong education
  • Moves to Massachusetts Bay Colony with her
    husband in 1630s
  • Starts womens discussion group
  • Critiques Puritan ministers
  • Claimed direct communication with God
  • Antinomianism (challenge to necessity for
    authorities)
  • Put on trial for sedition
  • Her miscarriage used as evidence against her (she
    had 15 pregnancies, most resulting in live
    births!)
  • Exiled from Massachusetts Bay
  • Anne Hutchinson at her trial

36
Roger Williams (1603-1683)
  • Ultimate Protestant thinker, he changed his
    denominational affiliation numerous times born
    Church of England (Anglican), to Puritan, to
    Non-Conformist, to Baptist, to Seeker

37
Roger Williams (1603-1683)
  • Exiled from Massachusetts Bay, he founded Rhode
    Island, and demanded total separation of religion
    and state, in order to protect the search for
    religious truth from the sordid nature of
    politics.

38
Native Americans and Williams
  • Roger Williams treated the Native peoples as
    human equals, learned their languages, wrote the
    first functional grammar of an Algonquian
    language, and negotiated with the Narragansett
    tribe for the use of their land in establishing
    Rhode Island.

39
The Bloudy Tenant of Persecution (1644)
  • Roger Williams wrote this treatise in response to
    both the excesses of Massachusetts Bay Puritans,
    and the European Thirty Years War of religion
  • Tenant here is related to tenacity the
    Bloody Hold that Religious Persecution had/has on
    the minds of Christians (Catholic and Protestant)

40
Précis of Bloudy Tenent
  • First, that the blood of so many hundred
    thousand souls of Protestant and Papists, spilt
    in the wars of present and former ages, for their
    respective consciences, is not required nor
    accepted by Jesus Christ the Prince of Peace.
  • Note Papist is a derogatory name that
    Protestants gave to Catholics it means followers
    of the Pope.

41
The Two-Step of How Protestants Argue
  • Secondly, pregnant scriptures and arguments are
    throughoutproposed against the doctrine of
    persecution for cause of conscience.
  • Thirdly, satisfactory answers are given to
    scriptures, and objections, produced by Mr.
    Calvin, Beza, Cotton, and the ministers of New
    England churches, and others former and later,
    tending to prove the doctrine of persecution for
    cause of conscience.

42
The Two-Step of How Protestants Argue
  • pregnant scriptures and arguments are used to
    support a position people are saved by faith
    alone, in the word of God (Bible), so all
    arguments must have a scriptural basis
  • However, other Protestants hold opposing
    viewpoints, supported by scripture
  • Therefore, Williams must demonstrate how his
    opponents are misinterpreting scripture

43
Précis of Bloudy Tenent
  • Fourthly, the doctrine of persecution for cause
    of conscience is proved guilty of all the blood
    of the souls crying for vengeance under the
    altar.
  • There is a cost, in eternal guilt and shame, for
    holding a wrong doctrine, according to Williams.
    This is a cosmological presupposition that our
    sins/failings/crimes have eternal consequences.

44
Précis of Bloudy Tenent
  • Fifthly, all civil states with their officers of
    justice in their respective constitutions and
    administrations are proved essentially civil, and
    therefore not judges, governors, or defenders of
    the spiritual or Christian state of worship.
  • The function of government is a legitimate one
    (e.g. establishing and administrating laws), but
    it does not allow government to judge or
    administer matters of the spirit. This is a
    direct critique of the Elizabethan Settlement.

45
Williams Christian Integrity
  • Sixthly, it is the will and command of God
    (since the coming of his Son the Lord Jesus) that
    a permission of the most paganish, Jewish,
    Turkish (Muslim), or antichristian consciences
    and worships be granted to all men in all nations
    and countries and they are only to be fought
    against with that sword which is only (in soul
    matters) able to conquer, to wit, the sword of
    Gods spirit, the Word of God.

46
Williams Christian Integrity
  • Williams was a Seeker, who changed denominations
    frequently in his search
  • Williams was always a religious exclusivist
  • Here, though, he says that religious pluralism is
    a situation that God permitted
  • Williams maintains that if you use coercion to
    convert people, you do not believe in the power
    of your own religious ideals

47
Précis of Bloudy Tenent
  • Seventhly, the state of the Land of Israel, the
    kings and peoples thereof in peace and war, is
    proved figurative and ceremonial, and no pattern
    nor precedent for any kingdom or civil state in
    the world to follow.
  • Note This is a direct critique of Winthrop in
    Massachusetts, who claimed that Massachusetts was
    a New Israel.

48
Précis of Bloudy Tenent
  • Eighthly, God requireth not a uniformity of
    religion to be enacted and enforced in any civil
    state, which enforced uniformity (sooner or
    later) is the greatest occasion of civil war,
    ravishing of conscience, persecution of Christ
    Jesus in his servants, and the hypocrisy and
    destruction of millions of souls.

49
Précis of Bloudy Tenent
  • Ninthly, in holding an enforced uniformity of
    religion in a civil state, we must necessarily
    disclaim our desires and hopes of the Jews
    conversion to Christ.
  • Note Williams Rhode Island became the first New
    England colony to have Jewish settlements,
    because of his policy of religious tolerance

50
Précis of Bloudy Tenent
  • Tenthly, an enforced uniformity of religion
    throughout a nation or civil state, confounds the
    civil and religious, denies the principles of
    Christianity and civility, and that Jesus Christ
    is come in the flesh.
  • Note This combines Williams desire to separate
    church and state, because they perform different
    functions, and to maintain that authentic belief
    does not require government enforcement. Both of
    these are Radical Reformation ideals.

51
Précis of Bloudy Tenent
  • Eleventhly, the permission of other consciences
    and worships than a state professes, only can
    (according to God) procure a firm and lasting
    peace (good assurance being taken according to
    the wisdom of the civil state for uniformity of
    civil obedience from all forts).
  • Note True peace comes from living with
    difference of opinion, not suppressing it (but
    the state has a right to obedience to civil laws
    diversity of opinion about stop signs helps no
    one).

52
Précis of Bloudy Tenent
  • Twelfthly, lastly, true civility and
    Christianity may both flourish in a state or
    kingdom, notwithstanding the permission of
    diverse and contrary consciences, either of Jew
    or Gentile.
  • Note Williams (or any persons) ability to
    practice his religion with integrity, is not
    dependent on everyone agreeing with him, or the
    state enforcing one religion. Likewise, the
    states functions (true civility) are not
    injured by diverse religious practices.

53
The Society of Friends in America
  • Quakers
  • George Fox
  • Mary Dyer
  • William Penn

54
The Dialectics of Radicalism
  • However radical you think you are, there is
    always someone more radical than you.
  • The English Puritans, who staged a successful
    revolt, found this out when the Quakers came along

Above, the Puritan army Below, George Fox
55
George Fox(1624-1691)
  • Shoe-maker
  • Starts preaching 1647
  • Itinerant preacher, travels around England
  • Has mystical experiences of openness to God
  • Name Quaker came from an opponent, but stuck!
  • Fox opposed the Puritan view of hierarchy and
    order

56
Quaker Beliefs, Forms and Practices
  • Inner Light - Holy Spirit
  • silent worship (cultivating introspection and
    quiet)
  • pacifism (If we give you a rifle will you fight
    for the Lord? But you cant kill the Devil with
    a gun or a sword (George Fox song)
  • no priests or institutional church, just meeting
    houses
  • Against ritual unprogrammed services
  • Equality of all people before God, including
    women and uneducated
  • Did not honor titles of kings or aristocracy
  • Simplicity in dress and manner
  • No oath-swearing in courts
  • You should always be telling the truth!

57
Women Quakers
  • Women preached the Quaker message
  • Margaret Fell, wife of George Fox, helped start
    this denomination
  • Quakers have been in the forefront of womens
    rights since their founding

58
Women Quakers
  • First Quakers to come to colonies were women, or
    women were prominently included in early Quaker
    settlements and preaching teams
  • Elizabeth Harris, 1655, first Quaker in the
    colonies (in Maryland/Virginia area)
  • 1656 two Quaker women arrive in Massachusetts Bay
    Colony, and are promptly exiled to Barbados

59
Mary Dyer
  • Quaker martyr for
  • Religious Freedom
  • in North America

60
Radical Religious Seeker
  • Mary Dyer, 1611-1660
  • Puritan settler in Massachusetts in 1630s
  • Friend to radical antinomian, Anne Hutchinson
  • Became a member of Quakers upon a visit to
    England, 1650s
  • Lived in liberal Rhode Island, but traveled to
    New Haven and Massachusetts to speak of Quakerism

61
Quaker Ministry
  • Traveling Quaker preachers worked in mixed-gender
    groups of two-six people
  • They did not conduct services, but explained the
    new doctrines of Quakerism
  • The mixed-gender teams showed that the Quakers
    respected womens autonomy in a way distinctly
    different than their contemporaries.
  • Mixed-gender teams were also controversial,
    because women traveling without their husbands
    was considered sexually scandalous.

62
Mary Dyers trips to Massachusetts
  • She traveled to Massachusetts three times,
    despite a law making Quaker preaching a capital
    offense.
  • The first time, she and her male companions were
    exiled back to Rhode Island.

63
Second Mission to Massachusetts
  • Mary Dyer travels with William Robinson,
    Marmaduke Stephenson, and Nicolas Rogers in
    October 1659
  • Dyer, Robinson and Stephenson are arrested and
    put on trial by Governor John Endicott they are
    found guilty and sentenced to death "for their
    rebellion, sedition, presumptuous obtruding
    themselves upon us, notwithstanding their being
    sentenced to banishment on pain of death, as
    underminers of this government. . ."

John Endicott, Puritan Governor of Massachusetts
64
First Execution
  • October 27, 1659, all three are led to the
    gallows. William Robinson was first executed.
    Marmaduke Stephenson was next. His last words
    were we suffer not as evil-doers, but for
    conscience sake.
  • The noose was placed around Mary Dyers neck,
    before she was pardoned, and given into the
    custody of her husband.

65
Mary Dyer returns to Massachusetts
  • In May of 1660, she returned to Massachusetts,
    even though her reprieve had carried strict
    orders of exile.
  • She was arrested and again condemned.
  • She apparently welcomed martyrdom, but also hoped
    the Puritans would not make themselves guilty of
    her blood, but look within to the voice of the
    Spirit.
  • (they did not)

66
Mary Dyers Execution
  • She was executed June 1, 1660, on Boston Common.
  • She went to her end quite consciously and
    defiantly.
  • One of her condemners said "She hangs there as a
    flag for others to take example by."

19th century depiction of Dyers march to the
scaffold
67
Religious Studies StudentVisits the Mary Dyer
Statue
  • The execution of Dyer marked the apogee of
    Puritan power such executions were forbidden
    after 1661
  • Bostons been apologizing ever since!
  • The quote from Dyer on the base reads My life
    not availeth me in comparison to the liberty of
    truth.

Leigh Ann Hildebrand, November 2010
68
Roger Williams v. George Fox
By 1672, all was safe George Fox was able to
visit Rhode Island Roger Williams
challenged him to a debate Records exist of
both sides points-of-view, - Williams because
he published an anti-Fox pamphlet - Fox
because he kept a journal (maintaining a journal
became an important Quaker practice)
69
George Fox and the New World
  • Persecution of Quakers in England under the
    monarchy continued, especially depriving Quakers
    of opportunities in education and professional
    positions
  • Fox thought it wise that Quakers establish
    communities in the New World

70
William Penn (1644-1718)
  • Son of famous admiral
  • While at collegehe heard dangerous new Quaker
    ideas
  • His father sent him (as punishment) to Ireland
  • There he met George Fox, and became a Quaker

The young William Penn (ca. 1666)
71
William Penn (1644-1718)
  • His father disowned him
  • He was imprisoned in the Tower for refusing to
    doff his cap
  • While there he wrote a famous Quaker pamphlet,
    No Cross, No Crown
  • He gave up all military dress. For a while he had
    retained his ceremonial sword Fox told him wear
    it as long as you can

The older William Penn (ca. 1682)
72
William Penn
  • Penn asked King Charles II for the land in
    Pennsylvania as a safe place for Quakers and
    other Radical Reformation groups to settle.
  • Penn, like Roger Williams, negotiated with the
    native peoples for the use of the land

73
Pennsylvania (Penns Woods)
74
Holland in the Colonial World
  • How to remain independent
  • Build into economic powerhouse
  • Attract new religious and economic talent
  • New Amsterdam (excellent harbor, a.k.a NYC)
  • Dutch Reformed Church protestant, Magesterial,
    Calvinist
  • They do not aggressively proselytize the native
    peoples

75
Holland in the Colonial World
  • Economic model of religious tolerance
  • 1650s Governor Peter Stuyvesant, of New Holland
  • Wants to reject Jewish settlement in 1654
  • Stuyvesant refers to them as a "deceitful race"
    who would "infest and trouble" the colony, bring
    down real estate values, etc. etc.
  • receives letter from Dutch corporation signed by
    Jewish and Christian leaders, vetoing his
    rejection of Jewish settlers

76
Holland leaves North America
  • The colony changes hands in 1664
  • British decide to maintain it as a religiously
    plural place
  • Governor Stuyvesant tearing up the letter
    demanding turnover of Holland to the British he
    hated reading the mail!

77
What Religious Freedom meant to New York The
Huguenots
  • Huguenots were French Protestants, persecuted
    by their Catholic government
  • A group of Huguenots moved to New York colony
    in 1677, and settled a Hudson River area that
    they called New Paltz, after the German city, Der
    Paltz, that gave them refuge initially
  • By 1689 they had established schools in the
    area Protestantism demands literacy
  • The Hudson River Valley had four major language
    groups by the end of the 17th century Dutch,
    English, French, and Native (Mohawk primarily)

78
Maryland Haven for Loyal British Catholics
  • Maryland (allegedly named after Charles Is wife,
    Henrietta Marie) founded by Calvert family, a
    prominent family of loyal English Catholics,
    known by the title of Barons of Baltimore
  • Colony founded in 1634
  • First Catholic Mass in a British colony delivered
    March 25, 1634

79
Maryland Troubled Haven
  • During the Puritan revolution in England,
    Maryland became a place of tumult, with
    Protestant (Church of England) uprisings against
    Catholic leadership
  • This led to the Maryland Toleration Act of 1649,
    an important step in the history of religious
    tolerance
  • But the Puritans invaded in 1650
  • Toleration act restored by Calvert in 1659

80
Mainline Protestantism
  • Lutherans, Methodists,
  • United Church of Christ,
  • Presbyterians, and Episcopalians

81
Lutherans
  • The various Lutheran churches all stem from
    Martin Luther, and are therefore a part of the
    Magisterial Reformation.
  • Lutheran churches in Europe are centered around
    central Europe and Scandinavia, and include a
    number of national churches.
  • Lutherans in the colonies were most represented
    in New Sweden, a brief-lived Swedish colony,
    later absorbed into New Jersey and Delaware.

82
Lutherans in U.S. History
  • When immigration to the United States began to
    accelerate in the 1820s-1850s, settlers from
    Germany and Scandinavia were prominent. Many of
    these new Americans were Lutherans.
  • Settlement patterns of these new immigrants led
    them to the upper Midwest therefore, Lutherans
    have traditionally been numerous in states like
    Minnesota, Wisconsin, North Dakota, Iowa, and
    Missouri, but can be found in good numbers
    throughout the country.

83
Presbyterians
  • The Presbyterian Church is a Magisterial
    Protestant church, based in Scotland, formed in
    the 1550s and 1560s. Its theological basis is
    Calvinistic.
  • The term Presbyterian refers to their form of
    organization and governance by elders, known as
    Presbyters.
  • Scottish immigration to the colonies, and later
    to the United States, included significant
    settlements throughout the eastern seaboard,
    Appalachia, and the upper Midwest. They also
    sponsored an aggressive home missionary
    campaign in the nineteenth century, that
    proselytized and established colleges and other
    institutions.

84
Episcopalians
  • The Episcopalian church is the American name for
    those who follow the practice of the Church of
    England. Following the American Revolution,
    Anglicans thought it would be better to re-name
    their religious practice so as not to appear
    disloyal, and to better reflect their churchs
    bishop-based form of organization.
  • The Episcopal Church is strongest on the East
    Coast, where it played a role in all of the
    original colonies.

85
Congregationalists
  • The name Congregationalist meant that this
    denomination organized itself around each
    individual congregation (those who attend church
    at a single location). The logic of
    Congregationalism is that each congregation can
    be self-governing, because the people within it
    know each other better than an external, distant
    authority (meaning they rejected rule by a pope,
    bishop, or king)
  • The Pilgrims were Congregationalists the
    Puritans soon became so in America.

86
Methodists
  • The Methodist church has aspects of a Radical
    Reformation denomination, but it is also an
    offshoot of the Church of England. It was started
    in the 18th century by two brothers, John and
    Charles Wesley, who feared that modern life and
    urbanization was distracting people from their
    religious needs. They devised a method for
    individuals to stay focused on religion through
    daily prayer and reflection.
  • The Wesley brothers traveled to the colony of
    Georgia in the 1730s.

87
Methodists in American History
  • The Methodists grew quite quickly during the
    First Great Awakening.
  • Their notion of itinerant preachers is quite
    evangelical in outlook.
  • At the time of the American Revolution, they were
    the largest denomination in the colonies, and
    supported the revolutionary cause.
  • They have continued to grow, though they are
    currently one of the liberal, mainstream
    denominations.
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