Title: Economic Principles Economic Principles http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoVc_S_...
1Economic PrinciplesEconomic Principles
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vyoVc_S_...
2Unit 1 Vocab
- Economics
- Microeconomics
- Macroeconomics
- Economic model
- Economic system
- Scarcity
- Trade-off
- Opportunity cost
- Marginal cost
- Cost-benefit analysis
- Factors of production
- Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
- Standard of living
- Productivity
- Specialization
- Division of labor
- Economic interdependence
3Economic Models
- Economy
- All activity that affects production,
distribution use of goods services - Economists use economic models to study the
economy - They study past and present to predict the future
- Based on assumptions
- Businesses government make decisions based on
models
4Economic Principles
- Economics Study of how decisions are made when
resources are limited. - Scarcity Not enough income, time, and resources
to satisfy every desire. Faces individuals,
businesses, and countries. - Economics must answer the questions of what, how,
and whom when dealing with production.
5- SCARCITY IS THE FUNDAMENTAL ECONOMIC PROBLEM
- Because of Scarcity we must answer 3 questions in
economics - What to Produce?
- How to Produce?
- Whom to produce for?
6Assessment Activity
- All economic questions and problems arise from
scarcity. Economics assumes people do not have
the resources do satisfy all of their wants.
Therefore, we must make choices about how to
allocate those resources. We make decisions about
how to spend our money and use our time. This
activity will focus on the central idea of
economics- every choice involves a cost. - Let's say you have five dollars. What would you
like to spend it on? There are a million things
you would love to spend five bucks on, but let's
imagine there are only three things out there you
really want to buy gum, soda, and movie tickets.
Look at the price chart to the right and answer
the questions.
Good Price
Gum . 50
Soda 1.oo
Movie Ticket 5.00
7Questions
- How many sodas can you buy instead of one movie
ticket? - How many packs of gum can you buy instead of one
soda? - If buy 4 packs of gum, how many sodas could you
have bought? - For example, if you go to the movies you have to
give up a certain amount of gum and soda. If you
are a sodaholic, you have to give up five sodas.
If you are gum fanatic, you surrender ten packs
of gum. But, the opportunity cost of a movie is
not five sodas and ten packs of gum. It is five
sodas or ten packs of gum.
8Which of the following best describes scarcity?
- Not enough goods for everyone
- Not enough resources to provide every desire
- Lack of desire to produce enough resources
- The amount that people want
9What is the fundamental economic problem?
- Money
- Time
- Scarcity
- Economics
10All of the following are questions we must ask
because of scarcity except
- When to produce?
- How to produce?
- What to produce?
- Whom to produce for?
11Goods and Services
- Good Anything manufactured.
- Service Something people do for others.
12Needs and Wants
- Need Basic item for survival.
- Want Anything including and beyond needs.
13Factors of Production
- Capital
- Land and Natural Resources
- Labor
- Entrepreneurship or management
14Capital
- Capital goods All tools, buildings, and
machinery businesses use to make goods and
provide services. Same as Resources
15Land and Natural Resources
- All land used for the business.
- Natural resources are things that come form the
earth such as water and minerals. - All energy is considered a natural resource.
16Labor
- Hired workers to help in production.
- Labor earns money, which they use
- to buy other goods and services.
- Division of Labor Separating a big job into
smaller jobs. Each person is responsible for
doing one job. (Assembly line).
17Entrepreneurship
- Entrepreneurs are people willing to take risks in
business. - Plan and supervise production.
- Decision makers.
18With a neighbor, list the land, labor, capital,
and entrepreneur that went into making each of
the following (you can list more than one item
for each)
- Your shoes
- iPod
- Dominos pepperoni pizza
19Trade-off and Opportunity Cost
- Scarcity forces people to make choices.
- Trade-off Decision that must be made when
choosing between items. - Opportunity cost Value of the next best
alternative that was given up when a choice was
made. Involves time or money. - When choosing to do something, you lose. You
lose the ability(opportunity) to do something
else. - ____________________________________________
- Production Possibilities The combinations of
goods and services that can be produced from a
fixed amount of resources.
20What was the opportunity cost of passing the
Health Care Bill?
- More people will have health care coverage.
- Grandparents will be put to sleep because of
Death Panels. - Obama will become the Devil and the Four Horseman
will arrive. - The government will have less money to spend on
other services like the military.
21- How do you make trade-offs with your time? What
do you give up? - Consider time studying, time with friends, or
time sleeping.
22Business Costs
- Fixed Costs
- Expense is the same no matter how much is
produced - Example - Rent
- Variable Costs
- Expenses that change with number of items
produced. - Fixed Costs Variable Costs Total Cost
- Marginal Cost
- extra cost of producing one additional unit of
output - Marginal Benefit /Revenue
- additional benefit after all costs are accounted
for producing one more unit - Cost Benefit Analysis
- economic model used to compare marginal costs
benefits of a decision Which should be greater
the benefits or the costs??
23Considerations for Businesses
- Productivity -
- Measure of the amount of output produced by a
given amount of inputs in a specific period of
time. In other words How resources are being
used efficiently to produce goods and services. - Specialization
- Takes place when people, businesses, regions
countries concentrate on goods or services that
they can produce better than anyone else - Examples China and electronics
- Human Capital
- Sum of the skills, abilities motivations of
people - How would businesses and employees benefit from
this?
24Productivity
- Goes up when more output can be produced when
scarce resources are used efficiently - Requires labor and human capital
- Increases when businesses invest in human capital
- Increases with specialization
25What is an example of a fixed cost of doing
business?
- Wages
- Cost of fuel
- Price of materials
- Rent on a building
26Economic systems
27Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
- Measure of an economys size success (monetary
measure - 16.72 trillion 2013 est. 1) - Total value of all the final goods services
produced in a country during a single year - Used cars not counted in GDP because second hand
sales are not counted - Used to measure standard of living (quality of
life based on the possession of necessities and
luxuries that make life easier) in a country - Measures quantity not quality
28Gross Domestic Product (GDP) cont.
- Per Capita GDP total GDP divided by the
countrys population U.S. was 52,800 2013 est.
14 - Compared yearly to check growth of country
- Higher GDP from previous year growing economy
- Lower GDP from previous year shrinking economy
29Economic Systems
- Three major types
- Traditional
- Command
- Market
- The distinguishing factors are the role of
government in the economy and the decision making
for production.
30Traditional Economy
- Economic decisions are made by customs handed
down through generations. - Hunting, farming, and gathering.
- No technology.
- Activities center around the family.
- Men and women have defined social roles.
- Found in rural, non-industrialized areas.
(Africa, S. America, Asia)
31Traditional Economies
32Command Economy
- Government makes all economic decisions. (China,
N. Korea, Vietnam, Cuba, and the former Soviet
Union). - Advantages
- The Govt. can set prices of goods.
- Set low prices for consumers and give help to
factories. - Disadvantages
- No competition.
- Factories are poorly run and shortages are
common. - No individual freedoms.
33Command Economies Former Soviet Union
34Command Economies North Korea
Slideshow
Video
35Command Economies - Cuba
36Market Economy
- Decisions are made by the principles of supply
and demand. - People buy, sell, and produce what ever they
want. People can work where they want.
Individual freedoms - Capitalism Private citizens own most means of
production land, labor, capital
entrepreneurship to make a profit. - Free Enterprise Freedom of businesses to
compete for profit without govt. interference.
377 Characteristics of a Market Economy
- Markets exchanges here determine prices of
goods services. Its the free and willing
exchange of goods and services between buyers and
sellers. - Consumer Sovereignty the consumer is king of
the market - They are the ones who determine what products
will be produced - It exists only in Market based economies
- Economic freedom freedom of choice with
consequences - Example an entrepreneur starts a business and
it fails. The govt usually will not help out. - Private Property Rights the freedom to own,
use, or dispose of our own property as long as it
doesnt interfere with the rights of others.
38- 5. Competition struggle between buyers and
sellers to get the best products and the lowest
prices. - Capitalism thrives on competition
- Rewards the most efficient producers
- Profit Motive the driving force that encourages
individuals and organizations to improve their
material well-being. - Purpose is to raise the standard of living
- It is the reason for growth in a market system
- 7. Voluntary Exchange act of buyers and
sellers freely and willingly engaging in market
transactions - Both buyers sellers must feel a benefit
39Mixed Economy
- Any combination of Economic systems.
- The United States is a mixed economy because
capitalism and free enterprise exist with
government regulations. - The U.S. govt. provides services such as
highways, postal system, and transportation. - Some government regulation.
- At certain times, govt. can take control of the
means of production.
40Activity
- On the paper provided, NEATLY create a 4 square
of the types of economies we just discussed
Command, Traditional, Market, and Mixed. - Be sure to include several characteristics,
examples, and pictures. These will be hung up and
people should be able to easily understand the
differences in each of the economies.
41Warm up
- 1. Economic system where the government makes all
of the economic decisions? - 2. Economic system that is a combination of
command and market economies? - 3. Total dollar value of all final goods and
services produced in a country during a single
year? - 4. Consumers are king of the market because
they decide what produces will be produced? - 5. Characteristic of a market economy that
describes the struggle between buyers and sellers
to get the best products and the lowest prices? - 6. This is based on private ownership of the
means of production and can decide how to use
them to use them to make a profit?
42Capitalism Free Enterprise
- The U.S. economy is built on a market economy,
but government still plays a role - Free Enterprise minimum govt interference
- Capitalism private citizens own and use factors
of production (land, labor, capital,
entrepreneurship) to make a profit.
43The Drawbacks of capitalism
44The Drawbacks of capitalism
45The Rise of Capitalism
- 2 concepts developed
- People work for economic gain
- Government should have a limited role
- 1200s C.E. trade routes opened between Europe
the East - Silk Roads, Marco Polo
- Throughout hundreds of years trade increased
- Development of ideas of wealth
- Adam Smith
- Scottish Economist
- Wealth of Nations
- Basic Principles of Economics
- Individuals who seek profit benefit all of
society - Laissez-Faire to leave alone
- The government should not interfere in the market
- Governments only role should be to ensure free
competition
46Adam Smith and The Wealth of Nations
47Socialism
- Socialism belief that the means of production
should be owned controlled by society either
directly or through the govt - Karl Marx
- Wrote The Communist Manifesto
- Socialist believed industrialized nations
divided into bourgeoisie (entrepreneurs)
proletariat (workers) - Predicted revolution of the proletariat
- Believed socialism would develop into communism
48Communism
- Communism one class would evolve where property
would be commonly held there would be no need
for government - Built on the idea of socialism
49Transitioning Economies
- Former Soviet Union the Soviet Bloc
- Inefficiency of command economies led to no or
very small growth - Transition of this type of economy led to
transition from Communism to Democracies - Why would a transition be hard?
50NAFTA
- North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
agreement between Canada, Mexico, and the USA
where tariffs were almost completely eliminated
(free trade) - Began on Jan. 1, 1994