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Recent Trends in Managing Nuisance Ant Pests Go
Green!
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Green Pest Management Defined by the Georgia
Structural Pest Control Commission
A service that employs an Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) approach while utilizing fewer
of the earths resources as part of a larger
effort to reduce human impacts on the
environment.
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Green Pest Control Products
Green products are largely defined by those
containing plant essential oils (peppermint,
spearmint, cedar, etc.).
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Characteristics ofPlant Essential Oils

• Contact Toxicity Low to Moderate in comparison
  to traditional actives.
• Topical Toxicity Low to Moderate in comparison
  to traditional actives.
• Repellency/Deterrency High in comparison to
  traditional actives.

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So, why are products based on a set of actives
that show little contact toxicity, are highly
repellent, and ephemeral (volatile), so popular
among homeowners (and profitable to pest control
operators)?
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Placebo
A Placebo is a pharmacologically inactive
substance (or procedure) that can have a
therapeutic effect if administered to a patient
who believes that he or she is receiving an
effective treatment. A PE is not something that
occurs naturally. It must be manufactured in
the sense that it occurs only in the presence of
intent (or the perception of intent).
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The Placebo EffectUltrasonic Devices Do Not
Repel or Kill Pests But What does the Public
Believe?
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Snake Oil ScienceThe Truth About
Complementaryand Alternative Medicine (CAM)

• R. Barker Bausell, Ph.D. Biostatistician, Univ.
  of Maryland Director of NIH National Center for
  CAM
• A cold, scientific evaluation of CAM therapies
  via double-blinded methodology.

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So, Why Are Companies Going Green? (other than
the fact that its profitable)
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Pest Management Companies are Moving to Green
Services Because

• In California, pesticides in water have led to
  restrictions on product use around homes.
• The climate of bee protection, including (a)
  CCD and the role that pesticides might play, and
  (b) the Oregon Bee Kills, has led to EPA
  restrictions on the use of neonicotinoids (soon
  these restrictions will be for all spray
  products, says EPA).
• Fewer basic manufacturers developing fewer active
  ingredients (cost prohibitive).

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January 2013 EPA Mandate Impacts Homeowner and
Professional Useof Pyrethroid Insecticides
Outside
Pyrethroid Insecticides Found in Water
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Pest Management Companies are Moving to Green
Services Because

• In California, pesticides in water have led to
  restrictions on product use around homes.
• The climate of bee protection, including (a)
  CCD and the role that pesticides might play, and
  (b) the Oregon Bee Kills, has led to EPA
  restrictions on the use of neonicotinoids (soon
  these restrictions will be for all spray
  products, says EPA).
• Fewer basic manufacturers developing fewer active
  ingredients (cost prohibitive).

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2013 - Dinotefuran
Pollinator Week in the U.S.

• Two incidents involving dinotefuran, the active
  ingredient in Valent/Safari (June 2013).
• Both incidents involved the death of a large
  number of bumble bees (up to 59,000) foraging on
  flowering linden trees.
• The two incidents involved different timing and
  application methods (foliar drench, and basal
  bark application).

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Pest Management Companies are Moving to Green
Services Because

• In California, pesticides in water have led to
  restrictions on product use around homes.
• The climate of bee protection, including (a)
  CCD and the role that pesticides might play, and
  (b) the Oregon Bee Kills, has led to EPA
  restrictions on the use of neonicotinoids (soon
  these restrictions will be for all spray
  products, says EPA).
• Fewer basic manufacturers developing fewer active
  ingredients (cost prohibitive).

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Chemical Industry ConsolidationMany Fewer
Companies to Support the Pest Control
IndustryToday Compared to Years Past
2000
1995
1990
2000
2006
1990
1995
2015 Big Players 1. Syngenta? 2. Bayer 3. BASF
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Theoretical Cash Flow of Product LifecycleUsing
Imidacloprid as an Example
Break Even after 16 Years (Income Expenses)
90m Decision Go Spend 150M over 6-7 years?
Global Launch After 11 years 240m
195m MSDS Data
35m
Patent Expires-Generics Compete
Pesticide Development is Really Expensive!
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Fewer basic manufacturers are developing fewer
traditional active ingredients. Why?

• Development costs for essential oils are usually
  significantly lower (no registration data
  required because these actives are exempt from
  EPA registration requirements).
• While the need for products in structural pest
  control markets are high, the markets are not
  large relative to major crop markets.
• For insecticides, structural products are usually
  add-on markets to agricultural uses for a new
  active ingredient (e.g., fipronil in 2000 for
  termites).

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Manufacturers are reformulating the same active
ingredients (many are now generic) to come out
with new products.

• Combining Active Ingredients
• Transport (FMC)
• Temprid (Bayer)
• Tandem (Syngenta)
• Fuse (CSI)
• New formulations
• Termidor HE and Dry (BASF)
• Suspend Polyzone (Bayer)
• EndZone (FMC)

J. Spagnoli Consulting
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What Explains Growth in Green Products

• (A) The high costs associated with development of
  an active ingredient AND (B) the growth in
  green programs by PMPs
• Both have led to an explosion of green pest
  control products (chicken or egg)
• A market based on green offerings has been
  created among residential customers for use of
  products they believe are soft yet still as
  effective as traditional poisons.
• rosemary, spearmint, etc.
• pyrethrins are now considered green!
• spinosad

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Speaking of Things that Dont Work!Testing Some
Outrageous Ant Control Claims

• All-natural CURES forresidential ant problems
• Including the use of tansy leaves, cucumber peel,
  and a soybean tea

J. B. Holloway
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Testing Home Remedies

• Treatments consisted of
• Tansy leaves
• Dried and fresh
• Cucumber peels
• Dried and fresh
• Rosemary leaves
• Spearmint leaves
• Soybean tea
• Two controls
• 1.0 Peppermint Oil solution (positive control)
• Water (negative control

J. B. Holloway
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Results
  Number (mean S.E.) of live ants inside dish at hour Number (mean S.E.) of live ants inside dish at hour Number (mean S.E.) of live ants inside dish at hour Number (mean S.E.) of live ants inside dish at hour Number (mean S.E.) of live ants inside dish at hour Number (mean S.E.) of live ants inside dish at hour
    Trial 1 Trial 1 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 2
Treatment Treatment Treatment 2 hours 4 hours 2 hours 4 hours
. Dry Cucumber Fresh Cucumber Dry Tansy Fresh Tansy Soybean Tea Fresh Spearmint Fresh Rosemary Water Only Control 1 Peppermint Oil . Dry Cucumber Fresh Cucumber Dry Tansy Fresh Tansy Soybean Tea Fresh Spearmint Fresh Rosemary Water Only Control 1 Peppermint Oil . Dry Cucumber Fresh Cucumber Dry Tansy Fresh Tansy Soybean Tea Fresh Spearmint Fresh Rosemary Water Only Control 1 Peppermint Oil . 19.4 1.3 A 17.6 1.2 A 18.9 1.3 A 18.4 1.2 A 19.3 1.3 A 17.6 1.2 A - 18.4 1.2 A 0.28 0.2 B . 19.8 1.3 A 18.5 1.2 A 18.7 1.2 A 19.6 1.3 A 19.4 1.3 A 19.2 1.3 A - 19.1 1.3 A 0.92 0.3 B . - 13.6 2.5 A,B - 14.8 2.7 A,B 16.8 3.1 A 9.33 1.8 B 3.42 0.8 C 18.3 3.3 A 0.08 0.09 D . - 18.5 2.2 A - 14.8 1.9 A,B 19.2 2.3 A 10.7 1.4 B 5.17 0.8 C 19.1 2.3 A 0.50 0.2 D
      . F 8.73 df 7, 88 P lt 0.0001 . F 14.56 df 7, 88 P lt 0.0001 . F 10.98 df 6, 77 P lt 0.0001 . F 20.64 df 6, 77 P lt 0.0001  
No Trt Repelled Ants!
Fresh Rosemary and Spearmint Repelled Ants!
10X
4X
Following mixed model, 1-way ANOVA (PROC
GLIMMIX), differences between least square means,
for each combination of Trial and Hour, were
determined using pairwise t-tests means within a
column followed by the same letter are not
significantly different.
J. B. Holloway
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Results

• RepellenT

• NoT repellenT

• 1 Peppermint Oil Solution
• Fresh Rosemary leaves

• Tansy leaves
• Cucumber peel
• Soybean tea
• DETERRENT
• Fresh Spearmint leaves

did repel ants
Fresh rosemary leaves
J. B. Holloway
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Insecticide Mode of Action
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• Download PDF of
• bulletin at gabugs.uga.edu
• 2) caes.uga.edu/publications
• (bulletin 1352)

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One Source for Technical Information

• Phone [phone]
• Email npic_at_ace.orst.edu
• Web npic.orst.edu

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Insecticides That Target theInsect Nervous System
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The Insect Nervous System How Nerve Cells Function
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Insecticides That Target theInsect Nervous
SystemChemical Class Pyrethrins Pyrethroids

• Active Ingredients Pyrethrins, Bifenthrin,
  Cyfluthrin, Beta-Cyfluthrin, Deltamethrin,
  Permethrin, Lambda-Cyhalothrin, and Cypermethrin.
• Mode of Action Delays the rate at which sodium
  channels open and close (Sodium Channel
  Modulation)
• Target Site Axon of Nerve
• Primary Use/Route of Entry Contact Only

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Pyrethroids delay the rate at which sodium
channels open and close
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Insecticides That Target theInsect Nervous
SystemChemical Class Oxadiazines

• Active Ingredient Indoxacarb (must be activated)
• Mode of Action Opposite of pyrethroids the
  active metabolite keeps sodium channels
  permanently closed, thus blocking the flow of
  sodium ions into the nerve cell (Sodium Channel
  Blockage)
• Target Site Axon of Nerve
• Primary Use/Route of Entry Oral Only

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Opposite of pyrethroids active metabolite
permanently closes sodium channels, blocking the
flow of sodium ions into the nerve cell
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Insecticides That Target theInsect Nervous
SystemChemical Class Organophosphates
Carbamates

• Active Ingredients Chlorpyrifos, Dichlorvos
  (DDVP), Malathion, Diazinon, Acephate,
  Propetamphos, Carbaryl, Bendiocarb, Propoxur
• Mode of Action Inhibits (by binding to)
  acetylcholinesterase, thus keeping it from
  removing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from
  its receptor on the post-synapse nerve
  (Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition).
• Target Site Nerve Synapse
• Primary Use/Route of Entry Contact Only

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Inhibit (by binding to) acetylcholinesterase,
thus keeping it from removing the
neurotransmitter acetylcholine from its receptor
on the post-synapse nerve.
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Insecticides That Target theInsect Nervous
SystemChemical Class Neonicotinoids

• Active Ingredients Imidacloprid, Dinotefuran,
  Thiamethoxam, Clothianidin, Acetamiprid
• Mode of Action Binds to the acetylcholine
  receptor, and over-stimulates the nerve
  (Acetylcholine Receptor Stimulation)
• Target Site Nerve Post-Synapse
• Primary Use/Route of Entry Contact Oral

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Binds to the acetylcholine receptor, and
over-stimulates the nerve.
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Insecticides That Target theInsect Nervous
SystemChemical Class Phenylpyrazoles

• Active Ingredient Fipronil
• Mode of Action Binds to and blocks the GABA
  receptor on post-synapse nerve, thus keeping the
  GABA neurotransmitter from binding to the
  receptor site, and thereby preventing the influx
  of chloride ions into the cell (GABA Receptor
  Blockage)
• Target Site Nerve Post-Synapse
• Primary Use/Route of Entry Contact Oral

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Binds to and blocks the GABA receptor on
post-synapse nerve, thus keeping the GABA
neurotransmitter from binding to the receptor
site, and thereby preventing the influx of
chloride ions into the cell
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Insecticides That DO NOT Target theInsect
Nervous System
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Insecticides That DO NOT Target theInsect
Nervous SystemChemical Class Diamides

• Active Ingredient Chlorantraniliprole (Altriset)
• Mode of Action Binds to and stimulates calcium
  channels, resulting in uncontrollable muscle
  contractions (Muscle Stimulation)
• Target Site Muscular Calcium Channel
• Primary Use/Route of Entry Oral

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Binds to and stimulates calcium channels,
resulting in uncontrollable muscle contractions
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Insecticides That DO NOT Target theInsect
Nervous SystemChemical Class Juvenile Hormone
Analogs

• Active Ingredient Hydroprene, Methoprene,
  Pyriproxyfen, Fenoxycarb
• Mode of Action Mimic Juvenile Hormone Action
• Target Site JH Degradative Enzymes / Receptors
• Primary Use/Route of Entry Contact Oral

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Insecticides That DO NOT Target theInsect
Nervous SystemChemical Class Chitin Synthesis
Inhibitors

• Active Ingredient Noviflumuron, Hexaflumuron,
  Diflubenzuron, Lufenuron
• Mode of Action Block Chitin Formation
• Target Site Exoskeleton of Insect
• Primary Use/Route of Entry Oral

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Subterranean Termite Baits
Sentricon 0.50 noviflumuron
Hex-Pro 0.50 hexaflumuron
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Insecticides That DO NOT Target theInsect
Nervous SystemChemical Class Pyrroles

• Active Ingredient Chlorfenapyr (must be
  activated)
• Mode of Action Active metabolite is a
  mitochondrial disruptor, and prevents ATP
  (energy) production in cells (Inhibit Energy
  Production)
• Target Site Mitochondria Within Cells
• Primary Use/Route of Entry Contact

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Insecticides That DO NOT Target theInsect
Nervous SystemChemical Class Borates

• Active Ingredient Borax, Boric Acid, Disodium
  Octaborate Tetrahydrate
• Mode of Action Non-Specific Metabolic
  Disruption general cellular toxin.
• Target Site Cells
• Primary Use/Route of Entry Oral toxicants ONLY

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Insecticides That DO NOT Target theInsect
Nervous SystemChemical Class Dehydrating Dusts

• Active Ingredient Silica gels, Diatomaceous
  Earth
• Mode of Action Dries the insect out by sucking
  up the protective wax layer (Adsorption of
  Cuticular Wax Layer)
• Target Site Exoskeleton
• Primary Use/Route of Entry Contact