Growth%20and%20Development%20of%20Cities:%20Week%202.%20What%20is%20Urban?%20

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Growth and Development of Cities Week 2. What
is Urban? Urbanization

• URBS 310

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What is Urban?

• Urban as of relating to, characteristics of, or
  constituting a city. (Websters New Collegiate
  Dictionary)
• A concentration of people with a distinctive way
  of life in terms of employment patterns and life
  styles
• Urban population definitions lt 200 (Sweden,
  Denmark), 2500 (US), 30,000 (Japan)

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What is Urban?

• Three key characteristics of cities -large
  population size, social heterogeneity, and
  population density contribute to the
  development of urban way of life. (Louis Wirth,
  1897-1952).
• Urban villagers and suburbanites tend to maintain
  their preexisting cultures and personailities
  (Herbert Gans,1967)
• The culture and personality types differ widely
  with socioeconomic class (Oscar Lewis)

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Urbanization

• Foreign Born
• 15 in 1910
• 11 in 2000 (31.1 mil.) Immigrants
• Urbanization
• 10 in 1690
• 70 in 2000
• Suburban
• Originally a settlement on the fringe
• A place of inferior, debased, and licentious
  habits of life (Oxford English Dictionary)

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Urbanization
Above Urbanization map of the United States
derived from city lights data. Urban areas are
coloredred, while peri-urban areas are colored
yellow. (Image courtesy Mark Imhoff, NASA GSFC)
Source members.aol.com/ copernicanview/us_urban_a
reas.gif
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Industrialization Homestead Steel
http//social.chass.ncsu.edu/kilgroe/indus.htm
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Immigration Ellis Island
http//www.americanparknetwork.com/parkinfo/sl/ima
ges/ellis_island2.jpg
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Tenement House in Brooklyn
http//newdeal.feri.org/library/d22b.htm
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New York City Tenement (1890)
http//etext.lib.virginia.edu/railton/enam312/1890
pic.jpg
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Tenement

• Below are some of the features of a typical
  tenement structure. Features of a typical
  tenement include
• a building that has 4-6 stories.
• a number of families or tenants living together.
• each apartment has 3 rooms (the living or front
  room, the kitchen, and a small bedroom).

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Tenement

• dimensions of the rooms are as follows living
  room is 11' x 12' 6", bedroom is 8' 6" square,
  and the kitchen is 12' x 10' square.
• no toilet/shower/bath
• bathrooms located in rear yard
• fireplace in the kitchen
• no water available inside the building
• no electricity

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Transportation for Commuters

• Electric Trolley Services (then automobiles,
  streetcars, railways) Suburbanization

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Public Policies Suburbanization

• Housing
• Federal mortgage insurance (1933)
• Before this, the mortgages were negotiated for
  1/3 or ½ of the value of the house over a period
  of five to ten years
• The Great Depression destroyed the home financing
  system (the foreclosures over a thousand a day in
  1932)
• Federal Housing Administration (FHA) established
  in 1934 and mortgage insurance extended
  significantly
• Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in 1965.
• Most of mortgages went to suburban houses (new
  houses and economically sound locations).
• Favorable tax treatment (the home mortgage
  deduction)

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Public Policies Suburbanization

• Highways
• The suburbas prior ro WWII were part of the
  cities. Short distance from the city center.
• Interstate highway program in 1956 (33,500
  million dollars fopr 41,000 miles of highway to
  be completed by 1975)

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Decentralization

• Population movement followed and led by the
  movement of employment and urban services.
• Industrial decentralization accelerated in the
  1920s with the growth of both cheap electricity
  and transportation.
• Shopping centers also followed population.
  Large shopping centers from 20,000 in the mid
  1980s (2/3 of the national retail trade) to
  40,000 in 2000.

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Decentralization

• Edge City (Joel Garreau, 1991)
• New type of a decentralized city. No more a
  suburb. Technoburbs by Fishman (1987).
• 5 mil. Square feet of leasable office space
  the workplace of the information age
• 600,000 of leasable retail space
• More jobs than bedrooms
• Nothing like city as recently as thirty years
  ago.

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Decentralization

• Edge City (Joel Garreau, 1991)
• Tysons Corner, Virginia
• Silicon Valley, California
• Along Route 128 in Boston, Massachusett.
• Southern California Irvine Spectrum,
  Anaheim/Santa Ana, Southbay/Torrance/Carson, West
  LA, Sherman Oaks/Van Nuys, Warner Center/West
  Valley, Burbank/North Hollywood, Pasadena

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Decentralization

• Speed of Suburbanization
• Depression WWII
• House-building techniques (mass-production
  Levittown developments) (William J, Levitt was
  the Henry Ford of the building industry). (150
  completed houses a week).

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An Early Family Poses in Front of their 1948 Cape
Cod
http//tigger.cc.uic.edu/pbhales/Levittown.html
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Current Trends

• Over a sixth of the population moves every year.
• Before 1970
• Movement to the West
• Redistribution from rural to urban places from
  non-metropolitan to metropolitan areas
• Within the metropolitan shifts, the movement up
  the size hierarchy, with the largest
  metropolitan areas gaining the most

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Current Trends

• Rural renaissance
• The growth of non-metropolitan areas at a faster
  rate than that of the metropolitan areas.
• Some industries moved to these areas.
• counterurbanization

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Current Trends

• From 1990 Census
• Speed volatility of change. Employment affected
  by unprecedented national and international
  forces (global economy). Unfavored areas
  (outdated manufacturing based, cuctbacks in
  mining military expenditure) vs. favored
  (finacial, service, educational, health, and
  leisure centers Las vegas, Phoenix, South of
  Florida)
• Growth Distribution of minority populations.
  Concentration (in LA)
• Employment is decentralising. Suburbs become
  growth areas.

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Role of Government in Urbanization

• Federal Role
• Financial aid for housing,
• the creation of military bases and other
  government installations,
• the building of a huge highway network,

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Role of Government in Urbanization

• Federal Role
• The indirect funding of development in the
  gunbelt. Since World War II, America's economic
  landscape has undergone a profound
  transformation. The effects of this change can be
  seen in the decline of the traditional industrial
  heartland and the emergence of new high tech
  industrial complexes in California, Texas,
  Boston, and Florida. The Rise of the Gunbelt
  demonstrates that this economic restructuring is
  a direct result of the rise of the military
  industrial complex (MIC) and a wholly new
  industry based on defense spending and Pentagon
  contacts.

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Role of Government in Urbanization

• Role of State/Local Government
• A few states and localities have attempted to
  influence the rate or nature of urbanization,
  though not with a great deal of success.

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Census Geography

• Political Statistical
• National Region
• State Division
• County MA
• City Urbanized Area
• Congressional Census Tract
• State Legislative Census BG
• School Districts Census Block

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Geographic Hierarchy

• United States (1)
• Region (4)
• Division (9)
• State (50)
• County (3,219)
• County subdivision (36,351) Place (25,375)
• Census tract (or part) (66,304)
• Block group (or part) (211,267)
• Census block (8,262,363)

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Metropolitan Areas

• Metropolitan Areas (280)
• Metropolitan Statistical Areas (261)
• Central city (50,000) or UA (100,000)
• CMSA (1,000,000) (19)
• Central city (50,000) or UA (100,000)
• PMSA (76)
• Nonmetropolitan Areas

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Census Region

• Groupings of states that subdivide the United
  States for the presentation of data.
• There are four census regions-Northeast, Midwest,
  South, and West.
• Each of the four census regions is divided into
  two or more census divisions. Before 1984, the
  Midwest region was named the North Central
  region.

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Census Division

• Groupings of states that are subdivisions of the
  four census regions. There are nine census
  divisions, which the U.S. Census Bureau adopted
  in 1910 for the presentation of data.
• Each census division is identified by a two-digit
  census code.
• Puerto Rico and the Island Areas are not part of
  any census region or census division.

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Urbanized Area and Urban Cluster

• Urbanized Area
• The entire densely settled area in and around
  each large city
• 50,000 people
• 1,000 per square mile
• Urban Cluster
• The entire densely settled area in and around
  each large city
• 2,500 to 49,999 people

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Metropolitan Areas

• One of a large population nucleus, together with
  adjacent communities that have a high degree of
  economic and social integration with that
  nucleus. Some MAs are defined around two or more
  nuclei.
• Each MA must contain either a place with a
  minimum population of 50,000 or a U.S. Census
  Bureau-defined urbanized area and a total MA
  population of at least 100,000 (75,000 in New
  England).
• An MA contains one or more central counties. An
  MA also may include one or more outlying counties
  that have close economic and social relationships
  with the central county.

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Metropolitan Areas

• If a metropolitan area (MA) has more than one
  million people, two or more primary metropolitan
  statistical areas (PMSAs) may be defined within
  it.
• Each PMSA consists of a large urbanized county or
  cluster of counties (cities and towns in New
  England) that demonstrate very strong internal
  economic and social links, in addition to close
  ties to other portions of the larger area.
• When PMSAs are established, the larger MA of
  which they are component parts is designated a
  consolidated metropolitan statistical area
  (CMSA).
• CMSAs and PMSAs are established only where local
  governments favor such designations for a large
  MA.

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Metropolitan Areas

• An outlying county must have a specified level of
  commuting to the central counties and also must
  meet certain standards regarding metropolitan
  character, such as population density, urban
  population, and population growth.
• The territory, population, and housing units in
  MAs are referred to as metropolitan. The
  metropolitan category is subdivided into inside
  central city and outside central city. The
  territory, population, and housing units located
  outside territory designated metropolitan are
  referred to as nonmetropolitan.

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Metropolitan Areas

• The MAs and the central cities within an MA are
  designated and defined by the federal Office of
  Management and Budget (OMB), following a set of
  official standards that are published in a
  Federal Register Notice.
• These standards were developed by the interagency
  Federal Executive Committee on Metropolitan
  Areas, with the aim of producing definitions that
  are as consistent as possible for all MAs
  nationwide.

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Incorporated Place

• Recognized in decennial census data products are
  those reported to the U.S. Census Bureau as
  legally in existence on January 1, 2000, under
  the laws of their respective states, as cities,
  boroughs, towns, and villages.
• An incorporated place is established to provide
  governmental functions for a concentration of
  people as opposed to a minor civil division,
  which generally is created to provide services or
  administer an area without regard, necessarily,
  to population.

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Census Designated Place (CDP)

• Delineated for each decennial census as the
  statistical counterparts of incorporated places.
• Settled concentrations of population that are
  identifiable by name but are not legally
  incorporated under the laws of the state in which
  they are located.
• The boundaries usually are defined in cooperation
  with local or tribal officials.
• CDP boundaries may change from one decennial
  census to the next with changes in the settlement
  pattern a CDP with the same name as in an
  earlier census does not necessarily have the same
  boundary.
• There are no population size requirements for the
  CDPs designated in conjunction with Census 2000.

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Census Tract

• Small, relatively permanent statistical
  subdivisions of a county
• The primary purpose is to provide a stable set of
  geographic units for the presentation of
  decennial census data.
• Year 2000 is the first decennial census for which
  the entire United States is covered by census
  tracts.
• Generally between 1,500 and 8,000 people, with an
  optimum size of 4,000 people.

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Census Tract

• Designed to be homogeneous with respect to
  population characteristics, economic status, and
  living conditions.
• Intention of being maintained over many decades
  so that statistical comparisons can be made from
  decennial census to decennial census. However,
  physical changes in street patterns caused by
  highway construction, new developments, and so
  forth, may require occasional boundary revisions.
  In addition, census tracts occasionally are split
  due to population growth or combined as a result
  of substantial population decline.

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Census Tract

• Census tracts are identified by a four-digit
  basic number and may have a two-digit numeric
  suffix for example, 6059.02.
• Census tract numbers range from 1 to 9999 and are
  unique within a county or statistically
  equivalent entity.

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Traffic Analysis Zone

• A special area delineated by state and/or local
  transportation officials for tabulating
  traffic-related data-
• journey-to-work
• place-of-work statistics.
• A TAZ usually consists of one or more census
  blocks, block groups, or census tracts.
• For the 1990 census, TAZs were defined as part of
  the Census Transportation Planning Package
  (CTPP).
• Identified by a six-character alphanumeric code
  that is unique within county or statistically
  equivalent entity.

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Block Group

• Lowest geographic level for census sample data
  (SF3)
• A cluster of census blocks having the same first
  digit of their four-digit identifying numbers
  within a census tract.
• For example, block group 3 (BG 3) within a census
  tract includes all blocks numbered from 3000 to
  3999.
• BGs generally contain between 600 and 3,000
  people, with an optimum size of 1,500 people.

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Census Block

• Lowest geographic level for census data (SF1)
• Bounded on all sides by visible features, such as
  streets, roads, streams, and railroad tracks, and
  by invisible boundaries, such as city, town,
  township, and county limits, property lines, and
  short, imaginary extensions of streets and roads.
• Generally, small in area bounded by city streets.
  However, census blocks in remote areas may be
  large and irregular and contain many square
  miles.
• Identified uniquely within census tract by means
  of a four-digit number.

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Political Boundary Changes

• Annexations to or detachments from legally
  established governmental units.
• Mergers or consolidations of two or more
  governmental units.
• Establishment of new governmental units.
• Disincorporations or disorganizations of existing
  governmental units.
• Changes in treaties or executive orders, and
  governmental action placing additional lands in
  trust.
• Decisions by federal, state, and local courts.
• Redistricting for congressional districts or
  county subdivisions that represent single-member
  districts for election to a county governing
  board.

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Statistical Boundary Changes

• Local, state, or tribal governments can have
  changes to adjust boundaries to visible features,
  to better define the geographic area each
  encompasses, or to account for shifts and changes
  in the population distribution within an area.
• Changes to the boundaries for census tracts and,
  for the first time, for census blocks are
  available in relationship files, which are only
  available in computer-readable form.
• the census tract relationship files show a
  measure of the magnitude of change using the
  proportion of the length of roads and sides of
  roads contained in partial census tracts.

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Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS)
Code

• FIPS codes are assigned for a variety of
  geographic entities, including American Indian
  area, Alaska Native area, Hawaiian home land,
  congressional district, county, county
  subdivision, metropolitan area, place, and state.
  
• The objective of FIPS codes is to improve the
  ability to use the data resources of the federal
  government and avoid unnecessary duplication and
  incompatibilities in the collection, processing,
  and dissemination of data. The FIPS codes and
  FIPS code documentation are available online at
  http//www.itl.nist.gov/fipspubs/index.htm.

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Optional Assignment

• Access the census web page http//www.census.gov/g
  eo/www/index.html
• List the name and FIPS code of the state, census
  region, and census division where CSUN is
  located.
• List the name and FIPS code of CMSAs in
  California.
• What are the name and FIPS code of PMSAs
  belonging to each of above CMSAs in California.

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Optional Assignment

1. How many counties in California?
2. How many cities in the county where you live?
3. Using Census 2000 Tabulation Tallies, count the
   number of census tracts, block groups and blocks
   in California for Census 2000.

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Optional Assignment

1. Using the Reference Maps, name the region,
   division, state, county, metroplitan area, city,
   106th congressional district, census tract, state
   legislative district, census block group, school
   districts, census block where you live.