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Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis

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Title: Chapter 9. Cellular Respiration STAGE 1: Glycolysis


1
Due Dates!!!!!
  • Today Krebs Cycle
  • Cell Respiration Homework Due
  • Monday Electron Transport Chain,
  • Pre-lab assignment due Thursday (typed and
    shared)
  • Tuesday Workday
  • Wednesday Family Reunion
  • Thursday Cellular Respiration Review,
  • Read lab procedures for homework (emailed or on
    Google Drive)
  • Friday Cellular Respiration Lab
  • Monday, 12/1 Cell Communication Independent
    Study (Test grade)

2
ENZYME FRQ STUDY GUIDE
  • Graph data and calculate the reaction rate.
  • Explain why a change in reaction rate was
    observed after so many minutes.
  • Draw and label another line on the graph to
    predict the results if the concentration of the
    enzyme was doubled. Explain results.
  • Identify TWO environmental factors that can
    change the rate of enzyme-mediated reactions.
    Discuss how each of those two factors would
    affect the reaction rate of an enzyme.

3
Cellular Respiration
4
Whats thepoint?
The pointis to makeATP!
ATP
5
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6
Step 1 Glycolysis
  • Breaking down glucose
  • glyco lysis (splitting sugar)
  • ancient pathway which harvests energy
  • where energy transfer first evolved
  • transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP
  • still is starting point for all cellular
    respiration
  • but its inefficient
  • generate only 2 ATP for every 1 glucose
  • occurs in cytosol
  • anaerobic process

7
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8
Evolutionary Perspective
  • Prokaryotes
  • first cells had no organelles (NO MITOCHONDRIA)
  • Anaerobic atmosphere
  • life on Earth first evolved without free oxygen
    (O2) in atmosphere
  • energy had to be captured from organic molecules
    in absence of O2
  • Prokaryotes that evolved glycolysis are ancestors
    of all modern life
  • ALL cells still utilize glycolysis

9
OVERVIEW
glucose C-C-C-C-C-C
  • 10 reactions
  • convert glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
  • produces 4 ATP 2 NADH
  • consumes2 ATP
  • net 2 ATP 2 NADH

fructose-1,6bP P-C-C-C-C-C-C-P
DHAP P-C-C-C
G3P C-C-C-P
pyruvate C-C-C
DHAP dihydroxyacetone phosphate G3P
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
10
Glycolysis summary
endergonic invest some ATP
ENERGY INVESTMENT
G3P C-C-C-P
exergonic harvest a little ATP a little NADH
ENERGY PAYOFF
4ATP
like in the bank
yield 2 ATP 2 NADH
NET YIELD
11
IS THAT IT?!
  • Not a lot of energy
  • for 1 billon years this is how life on Earth
    survived
  • no O2 slow growth, slow reproduction
  • only harvest 3.5 of energy stored in glucose
  • more carbons to strip off more energy to harvest

glucose ? ? ? ? pyruvate
6C
Hard wayto makea living!
12
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13
Fermentation (anaerobic)
  • Bacteria, yeast

to glycolysis??
  • Makes beer, wine, bread
  • Animals, some fungi

to glycolysis??
  • cheese, anaerobic exercise (no O2)

14
Alcohol Fermentation
bacteria yeast
  • Dead end process
  • at 12 ethanol, kills yeast
  • cant reverse the reaction

Count thecarbons!
15
Lactic Acid Fermentation
animals
?
  • Reversible process
  • once O2 is available, lactate is converted back
    to pyruvate by the liver

Count thecarbons!
16
Pyruvate is a branching point!!!
  • Pyruvate

fermentation anaerobicrespiration
mitochondria Krebs cycle aerobic respiration
17
Whats thepoint?
The pointis to makeATP!
ATP
18
And how do we do that?
  • ATP synthase
  • set up a H gradient
  • allow H to flow through ATP synthase
  • powers bonding of Pi to ADP
  • ADP Pi ? ATP

ADP
ATP
But Have we done that yet?
19
NO!Theres still more to my story! Any Questions?
Glycolysis Rap Song
20
O2 in
2 ATP
1
3
e- in 2 NADH
H2Oout
2
CO2 out
30 ATP
2 ATP
21
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22
CELLULAR RESPIRATIONStep 2
  • THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
  • OR
  • THE KREBS CYCLE

23
  • The most important link to the electron
    transport chain (ETC makes a ton of ATP)
  • Occurs in mitochondrial matrix
  • Some bacteria too (takes place in cytoplasm)
  • Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, 1937
  • BETWEEN GLYCOLYSIS AND CITRIC ACID CYCLE

Coenzyme A
pyruvate
acetyl-CoA
Krebs Cycle
NADH
CO2
24
  • Initiating step of Citric Acid Cycle 4-C
    oxaloacetic acid 2-C acetyl CoA 6-C
    citric acid
  • During the cycle
  • Citric acid rearranged Stripped of 2-Cs
  • CO2 released
  • 4 e- released to electron carriers (NAD and FAD)
  • 1 molecule of oxaloacetic acid remains to begin
    the cycle again
  • 2 ATP made
  • Oxidation Reactions!!!
  • molecules that lose electronsLEO goes GER
  • Loss of electrons at 4 specific placesto fuel
    ETC
  • Use NAD and FAD
  • Steps 4, 6, 10 (NAD) 8 (FAD)

25
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28
Homework
  • Page 183 184
  • s 1 15
  • Typed in full sentences.
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