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Chapter 2 Hardware

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Chapter 2 Hardware Trends in Computing Systems Generally classified into three groups Mainframe computers Midrange (mini) computers Microcomputers (PCs) – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chapter 2 Hardware


1
Chapter 2Hardware
  • Trends in Computing Systems
  • Generally classified into three groups
  • Mainframe computers
  • Midrange (mini) computers
  • Microcomputers (PCs)

2
MicrocomputerApplications
  • Often referred to as personal computers
  • Many uses, styles, purposes
  • Workstations - High power PCs used for analytical
    processing, mathematical calculations,
    statistical analysis
  • Network Servers - Used to manage resources on a
    network (usually a Local Area Network)

3
Microcomputers (cont)
  • Personal Digital Assistants - Highly specialized
    and mobile devises
  • Use special software to allow for optical
    character recognition, touch pads, pen-based
    interface, etc.
  • This is the latest trend in communications devices

4
Multimedia Systems
  • Personal computers with a variety of media
    devices
  • Allow for more robust displays, music, voice
    recognition and synthesis
  • More expensive than a traditional machine, but
    much more useful and capable

5
Network computers
  • Designed primarily for work situations where
    users access an Intranet (network using Internet
    technologies
  • These machines usually have little or no disk
    storage space
  • Main benefits are low cost, ease of upgrades,
    manageable

6
Computer terminals
  • Dumb terminal - No processing occurs at the
    terminal level. Usually associated with a
    mainframe or client/server system
  • Intelligent terminals - Have the capability to
    process at the local level (includes transaction
    terminals in grocery store, banks, department
    stores, etc)

7
Midrange Systems
  • Multi user systems that manage network traffic,
    file access, device management
  • More powerful than a personal computer
  • Less powerful than a mainframe
  • Less costly to purchase, operate, maintain
  • Most efficient when scope of use is narrow but
    processing needs are high

8
Midrange (cont)
  • Used largely in scientific research, process
    control situations, engineering (CAD, CAM, CAO)
  • Sometimes used as front end processors to aid a
    mainframe system
  • Good devices for telecommunications and network
    control (network servers)

9
Midrange (cont)
  • Can be used to host an Intranet, Extranet,
    Internet, or client/server system
  • Can be configured and programmed to operate
    virtually unaided
  • Do not require special climate controlled areas

10
Mainframe Systems
  • Physically larger than midrange, microcomputers,
    file servers
  • Can process more data and faster
  • Processing measured in MIPS (millions of
    instructions per second)
  • High storage capacity
  • Require climate controlled operating areas

11
Mainframe Applications
  • Support the information and processing needs of
    large corporations, government offices, military
  • Can handle vast computational tasks
  • Super-server for communications need of large
    client/server networks
  • Data warehousing

12
Supercomputer Applications
  • Used by major universities, multinational
    corporations, largest government divisions
  • Cooperative applications between countries
  • Use multiple processors (any of which could
    constitute as a mainframe)
  • 5million to 50 million cost

13
Components of a Computer System
  • It is important to understand the components of a
    computer as a system
  • Input gt Processing gt Output gt Storage gt Control

14
Input
  • Input devices allow for the feeding of data to
    the computer system
  • Keyboard/keypad
  • Touch screen
  • Light pens
  • Mouse
  • OCR
  • Voice activation

15
Processing
  • Central processing unit (microprocessor in a
    personal computer)
  • Performs three functions
  • Control unit
  • Arithmetic-Logic unit
  • Primary storage unit

16
Output
  • Processed data in the form designated by the user
  • Devices include
  • video display (monitors)
  • Audio response
  • Printers

17
Storage
  • Used to store programs (computer instructions),
    data, processed information
  • Two types
  • Primary storage (main memory)
  • Secondary storage (magnetic disk, compact disc,
    magnetic tape)

18
Control
  • The control unit manages and interprets programs,
    transmission to other components of the system
  • Is part of the CPU
  • other part is ALU
  • CPU contains cache memory

19
Primary Storage
  • Main memory - microelectronic semiconductors
  • Commonly known as RAM (random access memory)
  • Sometimes main memory can use ROM (read only
    memory)
  • Loss of data if power loss

20
Secondary storage
  • Commonly known as permanent storage
  • Physical storage versus electronic storage
  • Support for primary storage

21
Multiple Processor Systems
  • Some systems use more than one processor unit
  • Several configurations
  • Usually splits the control unit and the logic unit

22
Multi ProcessorConfigurations
  • Support Processor - Free up the main processor to
    execute program instructions (can be a math
    co-processor, video display controller or
    magnetic disk controller)
  • Coupled Processor - Used mostly to provide for
    fault tolerance
  • Parallel Processors - Execute instructions in
    sequence

23
cont
  • Massively Parallel Processors - Many processors
    aligned to execute hundreds or thousands of
    instructions at the same time
  • RISC - Reduced Instruction Set Computer
  • Uses less instructions

24
  • Conclude chapter 2 next week
  • Complete coverage of chapter 3 next week
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