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Kingdom Protista

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Kingdom Protista The Catch-All Kingdom Protozoans Document presentation ... Zoomastigina Sporozoa Malaria Malaria Evolution of Protista ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Kingdom Protista


1
Kingdom Protista The Catch-All Kingdom
2
(No Transcript)
3
Characteristics From the Wordle
  • Most are unicellular, unless they form colonies
  • Almost all protists are microscopic
  • Some have the ability to move independently
  • Protists are named for their mechanism of
    movement.
  • Cilia, flagella and pseudopods are structures
    used for movement.
  • 65,000 different species
  • Most heterotrophic, others are autotrophic.
  • Free-living or parasitic
  • All capable of asexual reproduction through
    binary or multiple fission
  • Some reproduce sexually through conjugation

4
Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
5
Asexual reproduction
  • Most protists produce asexually.
  • Binary Fission- a single celled protist divides
    into two cells.
  • The parents DNA is simply copied and the cell
    divides in half.
  • Each new offspring is identical to the parent.

6
Sexual reproduction
  • Some protists have the ability to reproduce
    sexually.
  • Conjugation- two parent cells unite, DNA
    (micronucleus) is transferred between the two
    cells. The genetic makeup of the offspring
    contains DNA from both parent cells. Offspring
    are genetically diverse.

7
Paramecium Conjugation
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?vKgey6Qx_-SIfeature
    related

8
Classification
  • How are protists classified?
  • Two ways
  • Mechanisms of movement
  • Acquisition of food/energy

9
Mechanisms of Movement
  • Cilia
  • Flagella
  • Pseudopod

10
Cilia
  • Cilia are tiny hair-like projections.
  • Protists use these for movement
  • Paramecium- cilia line the outside of their
    plasma membranes.

11
YouTube Clip of paramecium in action
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?vQBcaOYui03s
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?vAglfOAwFRhIfeature
    related

12
Flagella or Flagellum
  • Flagella are tail-like projections that are used
    for locomotion.
  • The euglenoid uses a flagella for movement.
  • Some bacteria also have flagella.
  • The human male gamete has a flagella.

13
YouTube Clip of Euglena in action
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?v0rNI8Bos_BQ

14
Pseudopods
  • Pseudo False, Pod foot ? False-Foot
  • The amoeba is a protist that uses a pseudopod for
    locomotion and to engulf its prey or food.
  • The pseudopod projects outward in a given
    direction and the rest of the body follow.
  • Cytoplasmic Streaming- the constant movement of
    the cytoplasm within the cell.

15
Pseudopods
  • Endo- in
  • Endocytosis is the process in which a cell brings
    in material from outside the cell.
  • The cell engulfs the food particle.
  • Exo- out
  • Exocyctosis is the process in which a cell sends
    material out of the cell.
  • Eliminating waste products.

16
YouTube Clip of an Amoeba in action
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?v7pR7TNzJ_pA
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?vW6rnhiMxtKU

17
Acquisition of Energy
  • All organisms must obtain energy in order to
    carryout lifes processes.
  • ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the molecule of
    energy that all cells need to survive.
  • Heterotrophic
  • Heterotrophs must consume other organisms in
    order to obtain food to convert to energy
  • Autotrophic
  • Autotrophs are organisms that have the ability to
    make their own food and then convert it to
    energy.

18
4 Phyla of Protozoans
  • Sarcodina
  • Ciliophora
  • Zoomastigina
  • Sporozoa

19
Sarcodina
  • Include mostly Amoebas
  • Characterized by pseudopods.
  • The largest phylum of protists
  • 11,500 living species
  • 33,000 fossilized species
  • Eat other protists
  • Ecological roles
  • Most are free-lving
  • Some are parasitic
  • Pathogen- some can cause disease
  • Dysentery? Infects the intestinal tract of
    humans. Symptoms include severe stomach ache,
    vomiting and diarrhea. Contracted by drinking
    contaminated water.

20
Ciliophora
  • Characterized by the presence of cilia.
  • Include the common protists
  • Paramecium
  • Stentor
  • Voticella
  • Ecological roles
  • Most are free-lving
  • Some are parasitic
  • Most feed on bacteria
  • Pathogen- some can cause disease
  • Bumper Car Disease? attacks the blood cells of
    lobsters. Mostly affects lobsters that are held
    in captivity for commercial purposes.

21
Zoomastigina
  • Characterized by their flagella
  • 2,500 species
  • Most free-living
  • Ecological Role
  • Mostly free living
  • Pathogen- disease causing.
  • African trypanosomiasis- species of protist that
    causes sleeping sickness. The protist is
    transmitted by the Tsetse Fly. The disease is
    endemic to the sub-Saharan region of Africa
  • Sypmtoms include high fever, headaches and
    periods of insomnia. Usually goes undiagnosed
    until it is too late. Eventually, the victims
    central nervous system is affected and will lead
    to coma or deathl.
  • Cause disease zooflagellates
  • African trypanosomiasis sleeping sickness
    tsetse fly
  • Chagas Disease kissing bug
  • Leishmaniasis sand fly
  • giardiasis

22
Sporozoa
Examples of spores
  • Lack locomotor structures
  • (NO cilia, flagella, or pseudopod)
  • Instead they are spore producers.
  • Spores are tiny seed-like structures that can
    remain dormant for years. Then when conditions
    are optimal they will begin to develop into an
    adult.
  • 6,000 species
  • Ecological Role
  • Entirely parasitic and are passed on from host to
    host.
  • Plasmodium malariae- species of sporozoa that
    cause the disease malaria.

23
Malaria
  • Symptoms are similar to the flu.
  • Victims suffer from anemia.
  • Characterized by the mass loss of red blood
    cells.
  • Caused by the protist Plasmodium malariae
  • P, malariae is transmitted to humans by
    mosquitoes.

24
Malaria
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?vJwsoK8O0lXE

25
Evolution of Protista
  • Prokaryotes 3.5 billion years ago
  • Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
  • Eukaryotes 1.5 billion years ago
  • Protozoan thought to be descendants of the first
    eukaryotes.
  • Endosymbiotic Theory
  • Explains how eukaryotic cells evolved from
    prokaryotic cells.

26
Endosymbiotic Theory
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