Rice Plant- and Leaf Hoppers

1
Pesticide Use in Rice IPM
Introduction Pesticides have of course played a
commendable role in increasing our food
production and protecting us against disease
vectors. However, sole reliance on pesticides has
created several problems such as development of
resistant pests, pest outbreaks, mortality of
useful organisms, adverse effect on human health
and environmental degradation. Adverse effects of
pesticides prompted scientists to look for
environment friendly methods of pest control and
consequently IPM was conceptualized.
Pesticide spraying
2
In IPM, different methods of pest control such as
resistant varieties, cultural methods, physical
methods, natural enemies and pesticides are
integrated to suppress pest population without
jeopardizing other components of the environment.
Pesticides have definite role to play in IPM but
their use has to be need-based. Pesticides are
important weapons with man against obnoxious
pests and their useful life needs to be prolonged
through their judicious application.
IPM Concept
3

• Judicious pesticide use
• If pesticides have to play a significant role in
  pest management, they need to be used in
  accordance with IPM principles. These have to be
  used judiciously as last resort and not as first
  option. Need for pesticide use should be
  determined through continuous monitoring of pests
  on crop. Pesticides should only be used if pest
  incidence tends to approach economic threshold
  level. Properly timed one pesticide application
  may very well substitute for 3-4 ill timed
  treatments.

Pest monitoring
4

• Selective use of pesticides
• In case pesticide application is unavoidable,
  preference should be given selective pesticides.
  Such pesticides are effective against target pest
  but pose less hazard to non-target organisms
  such as natural enemies of pests, pollinators and
  earthworms.
• Some of such pesticides are buprofezin, which is
  effective against homopterans like planthoppers,
  neem, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt),
  nucleopolyhedrosis virus (NPV) etc.

Earthworms
5
Natural enemies of pests

• Pesticides can also be made less hazardous
  through use of safer formulations such as
  granules. Pesticide granules like carbofuran 3G
  or cartap 4G prove effective against rice pests
  without jeopardizing natural enemies of pests.
• Pesticide should be strictly used in recommended
  doses avoiding their overuse and misuse.

Spider
Rove beetle
Stenobracon parasitoid
6
Adverse effects of pesticides can also be reduced
by precise placement and proper timing. Foliar
application of contact pesticides proves
effective against planthoppers only if directed
at plant bases and goes waste if carried out on
foliage. Likewise, pesticide application against
stem borer should coincide with egg hatching.
Natural enemies can also be protected through
spot application wherein areas with high natural
enemy density should not be treated.
Sprayer nozzle directed at plant stems
7
Pesticides recommended against rice
pests Planthoppers Apply carbofuran 3G _at_ 25
kg/ha or Spray buprofezin 25 SC _at_800 ml/ha or
imidacloprid 17.8 SL _at_ 125 ml/ha or chlorpyriphos
20 EC _at_ 1000 ml/ha Stem borer Apply cartap 4G
_at_ 25 kg/ha or fipronil 0.3G _at_ 18 kg/ha or Spray
cartap 50 WP _at_500 g/ha or chlorpyriphos 20 EC
_at_1000 ml/ha or quinalphos _at_ 1250 ml/ha or
flubendiamide _at_ 100 ml/ha
Planthoppers
Earhead damage due to stem borer
8
Leaf folder Apply cartap 4G _at_ 25 kg/ha or spray
cartap 50 WP _at_ 500 g/ha or chlorpyriphos 20 EC _at_
1000 ml/ha or quinalphos _at_ 1250 ml/ha or
flubendiamide 100 ml/ha. Gundhi bug Spray
endosulfan 35 EC or malathion 50 EC or quinalphos
25 EC _at_ 1000 ml/ha or Apply endosulfan or
carbaryl or malathion dust _at_ 25-30 kg/ha
Leaf folder
Gundhi bug
9

• Hispa
• Spray chlorpyriphos 20EC or quinalphos 25 EC or
  monocrophos 36 WSC _at_ 1000 ml/ha
• or
• Apply carbaryl dust _at_ 25-30 kg/ha
• Armyworm
• Spray chlorpyriphos 20EC or quinalphos 25 EC _at_
  1000 ml/ha
• or
• Apply carbaryl or malathion dust _at_ 25-30 kg/ha

Hispa beetle
Armyworm larva
10

• Economic threshold levels (ETL) of rice insect
  pests

Insect pest Economic threshold level

Brown planthopper (BPH) 6-8 hoppers/hill
Whitebacked planthopper (WBPH) 8-10 hoppers/hill
Stem borer 5 dead hearts or 2 white-ears or 1 moth/m2 or 1 egg mass/m2
Leaf folder 4 folded leaves
Hispa 4 damaged leaves/hill or 2 adults/hill
Gundhi bug 1 bug/hill
Army worm 1 larva/hill
11

• Lets Sum Up
• Sole reliance on pesticides for pest control has
  created several problems.
• Pesticides are important weapons with man against
  obnoxious pests and
• their useful life needs to be prolonged through
  their judicious application.
• Need for pesticide use should be determined
  through continuous pest
• monitoring on crops and should only be used if
  pest incidence tends to
• approach economic threshold level.
• Properly timed single pesticide application may
  very well substitute for
• 3-4 ill-timed treatments.
• Preference should be given selective pesticides
  that are effective against
• target pest but pose less hazard to non-target
  organisms like neem, Bt etc.
• Pesticides can also be made less hazardous
  through use of safer
• formulations such as granules.