Unit 7: Learning about English

1
Unit 7 Learning about English

• Text A The Glorious Messiness of English
• Text B The Role of English in the 21st Century

2
Teaching Set-up

• Text A
• Pre-reading
• Warm-up activities
• Questions and Answers
• Background information
• While-reading
• Interpret the title
• Text organization
• Text analysis
• Language points
• Post reading
• drawing a picture
• Useful expressions
• Proverbs and Quotations  

3
Teaching Objectives

• 1. grasp the main idea (because of its tolerance
  for outside influences, English has become a
  great language) and structure of the text
• 2. understand some idiomatic English usages
  mentioned in the unit
• 3. master key language points and structures in
  the text
• 4. conduct a series of reading, listening
  ,speaking and writing activities related to the
  theme of the unit.
• 5. master speaking function Expressing Real and
  Unreal Conditions defining things.
• 6. recognizing listing of details in descriptive
  writing.

4
Warm-up activities

• Pair Discussion
• Look at the picture below. Answer these questions
  with a partner.

1. What are differences between English and French
   in borrowing foreign words?

English has a vocabulary of about one million
words while French has only about 75,000 words.
English has borrowed a lot of words from other
languages while French hasn't. And the French
government even tries to ban words from English.
5
Warm-up activities

• 2. What can we infer from the invention of a
  French word balladeer?

In borrowing foreign words, English people are
open-minded while French people are conservative.
We know the reason why English has become the
first truly global language.
6
Warm-up activities

• How did the word Walkman come into being?
• The Japanese put two simple English words
  together to name their product.

7

Warm-up activities

• Questions and Answers
• 1. Who is Otto Jespersen?
• He is a Danish scholar.
• 2. According to Otto Jespersen, what causes
  English to become what it is?
• The fact that English people have been for
  centuries great respecters of the liberties of
  each individual and that everybody has been free
  to strike out new paths for himself.
• 3. What is the English language in the authors
  opinion?
• English is the tongue of the common man.

8
Background information

• American English
• By the 18th century American English was
  established and developed independently from
  British English. After colonists arrived in the
  US , new words began to be added from Native
  American languages, and from French and Spanish.
  In 1783, soon after Johnson's dictionary was
  published, Noah Webster's The Elementary Spelling
  Book was published in the U.S. At first, it used
  Johnson's spellings, but later editions contained
  many of what have come to be known as American
  spellings, e. g. harbor and favorite.

9
Background information

• The Root of English
• English began as a west Germanic language which
  was brought to England by the Saxons around 400
  A.D. Old English was the spoken and written
  language of England between 400 and 1100 A.D.
  Many words used today come from Old English,
  including man, woman, king, mother, etc. But Old
  English was very different from modern English
  and only a few words can be easily recognized. In
  the 9th and 10th centuries, when Vikings invaded
  England, Old Norse words, e.g. sky, take and get
  and many place names, entered the language.

10
Background information

• The Root of English
• From the Norman Conquest (1066) until the late
  12th century English was replaced as the official
  language by Norman French, though English was
  still used by the lower classes. English from
  about 1300 to 1500 is known as Middle English. It
  was influenced by French and also Latin in
  vocabulary and pronunciation. French brought many
  words connected with government, e.g. sovereign,
  royal, court, legal and government itself. Latin
  was the language of religion and learning and
  gave to English words such as minister, angel,
  master, school and grammar. Literature began
  again to be written in English during this
  period. One of the most famous Middle English
  works is Chaucers The Canterbury Tales.

11
Background information

• The Development of Modern English
• Modern English developed from the Middle
  English dialect of the East Midlands and was
  influenced by the English used in London, where a
  printing press was set up by William Caxton in
  1476. English changed a great deal from this time
  until the end of the 18th century. During the
  Renaissance, many words were introduced from
  Greek and Latin to express new ideas, especially
  in science, medicine and philosophy. They
  included physics, species, architecture,
  encyclopedia and hypothesis. In the 16th century
  several versions of the Bible helped bring
  written English to ordinary people. The
  Elizabethan period is also famous for its drama,
  and Shakespeares plays were seen by many people.

12
Background information

• The Development of Modern English
• The development of printing helped establish
  standards of spelling and grammar, but there
  remained a lot of variation. Samuel Johnsons A
  Dictionary of the English Language (1755) was the
  first authoritative treatment of English. It
  defined about 40,000 words and gave examples of
  their use.
• By the 18th century American English was
  established and developing independently from
  British English. After colonists arrived in the
  US new words began to be added from Native
  American languages, and from French and Spanish.
  In 1783, soon after Johnsons dictionary was
  published, Noah Websters The Elementary Spelling
  Book was published in the US. At first it used
  Johnsons spellings, but later editions contained
  many of what have come to be known as American
  spellings, e.g. harbor and favorite.

13
Background information

• 20th Century English
• During the 19th and early 20th centuries
  many dictionaries and books about language were
  published. New words are still being added to
  English from other languages, including Chinese
  (feng shui) and Japanese (karaoke). Existing
  words gain new senses, and new expressions spread
  quickly through television and the Internet.
• English is now an international language and
  is used as a means of communication between
  people from many countries. As a result the
  influences on the English language are wider than
  ever and it is possible that World English will
  move away from using a British or American
  standard and establish its own international
  identity.

14
Background information

• Winston Churchill (1874-1965)
• As a politician, Winston Churchill is
  remembered as one of Britains greatest
  statesmen. He was the son of the Conservative
  politician Lord Randolph Churchill and his
  American wife Jennie. As a young man he served as
  a soldier in India and Egypt, and as a journalist
  in South Africa, before entering politics.
  Churchill became Prime Minister and Minister of
  Defence in 1940. His radio speeches during World
  War II gave the British people a strong
  determination to win the war, especially at times
  of great crisis.

15
Background information

• Winston Churchill (1874-1965)
• Examples of Churchills phrases still often
  quoted today are I have nothing to offer but
  blood, toil, tears and sweat, and This was
  their finest hour. The Conservative Party led by
  Churchill lost the election of 1945, but he
  became Prime Minister again from 1951 to 1955
  when he retired, aged 80. When he died in Jan
  1965 he was given a state funeral.

16
Background information

• Julius Caesar (100-44 BC) Julius Caesar was
  the best-known of all the ancient Roman leaders,
  and the first one to land in Britain with an
  army.
• He did this twice, in 55 and 54 BC, although
  Britain did not become part of the Roman Empire
  until nearly a hundred years later.

17
Background information

• Viking
• Viking was a member of a people from Scandinavia
  who attacked parts of northern and western
  Europe, including Britain and Ireland, in the 8th
  to 11th centuries. In Britain they were also
  known as Norsemen. They settled on the
  Scottish islands and in areas of eastern England,
  and the Danish King Canute ruled England from
  1016. The Vikings were feared as violent and
  cruel, but they were also noted for their skill
  in building ships and as sailors. They had an
  important influence on English culture and the
  English language.

18
Background information

• Norman
• Norman refers to any of the people from
  Normandy in northern France who settled in
  England after their leader William defeated the
  English king at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.

19
Background information

• Norman
• The Normans took control of the country, a
  process known as the Norman Conquest. They used
  many of the existing Anglo-Saxon methods of
  government of the state and the church, but added
  important aspects of their own and made
  government much more effective. The language of
  government became first Latin, and then Norman
  French, and this caused many new words to be
  added to the existing English language.

20
While-reading

• Interpret the title
• glorious having or deserving great fame, praise,
  and honour
• a glorious future / a glorious victory / a
  glorious expedition
• messy 1. being dirty or untidy
• a messy room
• Sorry the place is so messy, I haven't had time
  to clear up.
• 2. a messy situation is complicated and
  unpleasant to deal with
• He's just been through a particularly messy
  divorce.

21
Interpret the title

• glorious a commendatory term
• messiness a derogatory term
• What effect can be achieved when one is modified
  by the other?
• Oxymoron
• a deliberate combination of two words that seem
  to mean the opposite of each other, such as
  'cruel kindness'

22
Examples from Shakespeare (translated by Zhu
Shenghao)

• An honorable murderer ?????
• An honorable villain ?????
• A damned saint ?????
• Sweet pangs ?????
• Sweet knaves ???????
• Sweet sorrow ?????
• A living death ???
• Loving hate, heavy lightness, serious vanity,
  cold fire, sick health,

23
A Summary of Rhetorical Devices

• Oxymoron glorious messiness
• Metaphors core of English, a common parent
  language, another flood of new vocabulary, the
  cultural soil, the first shoots sprang up, grew
  stronger, build fences around their language, the
  special preserve of grammarians,
• Parallelism in Churchills quote.

24
Text analysis

• An expert on English language is supposed to know
  well about rhetorical devices in English. Robert
  MacNeil, the author of Text A, does not
  disappoint us.
• The title, The Glorious Messiness of English,
  offers a good example of oxymoron. An oxymoron
  puts two contradictory terms together to puzzle
  the reader, luring him/her to pause and explore
  why. Glorious is a commendatory term, while
  messiness is derogatory. Why do they stand next
  to each other? Then, as the reader reads on,
  he/she will find out that the title is actually a
  thesis statement Yes, English is messy, but the
  messiness reflects some commendable qualities of
  English, such as tolerance, the love of freedom,
  and the respect for others rights. At this point
  the reader cannot but admire the authors
  ingenuity.

25
Text analysis

• Robert MacNeil employs many metaphors, such as
  core of English (Para. 4), a common parent
  language (Para. 8), another flood of new
  vocabulary (Para. 14), the special preserve of
  grammarians (Para. 19). In Para. 18 there is an
  instance of sustained metaphor the cultural
  soil, the first shoots sprang up, grew
  stronger, build fences around their language. In
  this case the English language is compared to
  plants, and the various cultures influencing it
  are compared to the soil, while users of English
  are compared to gardeners.
• We can also find parallelism in the quote from
  Winston Churchill We shall fight on the
  beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds,
  we shall fight in the fields and in the streets,
  we shall fight in the hills. We shall never
  surrender.
• There is personification in the sentence
  Translations of Greek and Roman classics were
  poured onto the printed page
• There is metonymy in the sentence The country
  now had three languages French for the nobles,
  Latin for the churches and English for the common
  people. Here churches stand for religious
  institutions and those who are involved in
  religious practices.

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While-reading Text Organization
Parts Para. Main ideas
1 1-3
2 4-16
3 17-19
Massive borrowing from other languages is a major
feature of the English language.
Tells about the history of the English language
Several qualities in the English-speaking people
explain the richness of their language.
27
Question for part I

• Scan the first three paragraphs to find out the
  definition for glorious messiness
• Text organization Ex.1 on p.214.
• Scan the first sentence of each paragraph in Text
  A to find out where the present tense is switched
  to the past tense?
• And where the present tense is resumed?

28
Question for part II

• Some key terms and key stages related to the
  history of the English Language.

29
the history of the English Language

• The Indo-European family includes several major
  branches
• 1. Latin and the modern Romance languages
• 2. The Germanic languages
• 3. The Indo-Iranian languages, including Hindi
  (an official language in India) and Sanskrit (an
  ancient language of India )
• 4. The Slavic languages
• 5. The Baltic languages of Latvian and Lithuanian
  (but not Estonian)
• 6. The Celtic languages and
• 7. Greek.

30
the history of the English Language

• Of these branches of the Indo-European family,
  two are, for our purposes of studying the
  development of English, of paramount importance,
  the Germanic and the Romance (called that because
  the Romance languages derive from Latin, the
  language of ancient Rome)

31
the history of the English Language

• Around the second century BC, this Common
  Germanic language split into three distinct
  sub-groups
• East Germanic was spoken by peoples who migrated
  back to southeastern Europe. No East Germanic
  language is spoken today, and the only written
  East Germanic language that survives is Gothic.
• North Germanic evolved into the modern
  Scandinavian languages of Swedish, Danish,
  Norwegian, and Icelandic (but not Finnish, which
  is related to Estonian and is not an
  Indo-European language).
• West Germanic is the ancestor of modern German,
  Dutch, Flemish, Frisian, and English.

32
the history of the English Language

• Viking a member of the group of Scandinavian
  people who sailed in ships to attack areas along
  the coasts of northern and western Europe from
  the 8th to 11th centuries
• Scandinavian people people from North Europe
  consisting of Norway, Swede, Denmark, Finland and
  Iceland.
• Norse the language that was spoken by the people
  of ancient Scandinavia, esp. the ancient
  Norwegian people

33
the history of the English Language

• The Norman Conquest the period when the Normans
  (people from Normandy in northern France), led by
  William the Conqueror, took control of England
  after defeating the English king Harold II, at
  the Battle of Hastings in 1066. These events had
  a very great influence on England's history,
  culture, and language, and French became the main
  language of the ruling class.

34
the history of the English Language

• The origins of English English began as a west
  Germanic language which was brought to England by
  the Saxons around 400 A.D.
• Old English (400-1100 AD)
• The Norman Conquest and Middle English
  (1100-1500) (influenced by French and Latin
  French brought words related to government and
  Latin religion and learning)
• Modern English (1500-Present) (A Dictionary of
  the English Language 1755 by Samuel Johnson)
• American English (The Elementary Spelling Books
  by Noah Webster 1783)

35
the history of the English Language

• West Germanic invaders from Jutland and southern
  Denmark the Angles (whose name is the source of
  the words England and English), Saxons, and
  Jutes, began populating the British Isles in the
  fifth and sixth centuries AD. They spoke a
  mutually intelligible language, that is called
  Old English.
• These invaders pushed the original,
  Celtic-speaking inhabitants out of what is now
  England into Scotland, Wales, and Ireland,
  leaving behind a few Celtic words. These Celtic
  languages survive today in Scotland and Ireland
  and in Welsh.
• About half of the most commonly used words in
  modern English have Old English roots. Words like
  be, water, and strong, for example, derive from
  Old English

36

• The most famous example of Middle English is
  Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. Unlike Old English,
  Middle English can be read, albeit with
  difficulty, by modern English-speaking people.

37

• Many students having difficulty understanding
  Shakespeare would be surprised to learn that he
  wrote in modern English. Many familiar words and
  phrases were coined or first recorded by
  Shakespeare, some 2,000 words and countless
  catch-phrases are his. Words he bequeathed to the
  language include "critical," "leapfrog,"
  "majestic," "dwindle," and "pedant." 

38
Language Points
Words and phrases ban product necessity
arouse surrender resemble descend establish i
nfluence alternative enrich independent strict
speaking to a()extent pass (sth.) on to
(sb.) out of control put into practice strike
out be supposed to must (a strong belief)
39
Words and phrases

• ban v (-nn-)
• officially forbid sth/sb (to do sth)
  ???????/????? ? sb (from sth/from doing sth)?
  
• The play was banned (by the censor).
• ????(???)??.
• He was banned from (attending) the meeting.
• ????????. ban n? (on sth/sb)? ?? ??
• Cf. forbid, prohibit
• forbid vt. ??
• prohibit vt. ?from?(fml) to forbid by law or
  rule
• Ex. ??????, ?????.
• She's been banned from driving for six months.

40
Words and phrases

• product n.
• 1) C, U something produced by human or
  mechanical effort or by a natural process goods
  (general term) ??
• Petrol is the most important product of many
  Middle-East countries.
• ????????????????
• gross national product ??????
• 2) C ? of sth?a direct result a
  consequence?? Todays housing problems are the
  product of years of neglect.

41
Words and phrases

• Cf. production, produce, producer, product
• production n. U???? C(??)??produce n U??
  (??)???(??)
• producer n???,??(???)???
• Ex. ????
• This new theatre is becoming known for its good
  ____________ .
• The company sells plastic____________ .
• _____________ of computers has increased double
  in the last few weeks.
• The firm is Britain's main ____________ of
  electronic equipment.

42
Words and phrases

• necessity n
• 1) C ???? of/for sth.?
• Food, clothing and shelter are all basic
  necessities of life.
• A compass is a necessity for climbers.
• 2)U ? (for/of sth)? ?(for sb.) to do
  sth)????,??
• They reached an agreement on the necessity of
  educational reforms.
• Is there any necessity for another meeting?
• There's no necessity (for you) to write to your
  mother every single day.
• Ex. ??????????
• Water is a necessity of life.

43
Words and phrases

• arouse vt.
• 1) provoke (a particular feeling or attitude)
  awaken
• Her strange behavior aroused our suspicions.
• 2)wake sb from sleep? sb (from sth)?
• He was aroused from his nap by the doorbell.
• Cf. arise vi (pt arose, pp arisen) become
  evident appear originate?? ???out of/from sth
  ?
• A new difficulty has arisen.
• Ex.
• ?????????????
• The odd sight aroused our curiosity.
• ???????????????
• Accidents arise from carelessness.

44
Words and phrases

• surrender
• vt. vi. ? (oneself) (to sb)?give in yield give
  up?? ??
• The hijackers finally surrendered (themselves)
  to the police.
• 2) vt.? sth/sb (to sb)? (fml ?)????
• We shall never surrender our liberty.
• They surrendered their guns to the police.
• Ex. Well never surrender terrorism despite the
  terrorist attacks. (??)
• Well never surrender to terrorism despite the
  terrorist attacks.

45
Words and phrases

• resemble vt. no passive ? sb/sth (in sth)?
  (not used in the continuous tenses) be like or
  similar to (another person or thing) ?(?????)??
  ?...
• She resembles her mother in the way she moves her
  hands when she talks.
• ???????????????
• Ex. ?????????.
• She resembles her brother in looks.

46
Words and phrases

• descend 1) vi come down (from a source) ? from
  sb? ???,???
• The title descends to me from my father.
• 2) (fml) vi. vt. come or go down (sth) ??
• The balloon descended gradually as the air came
  out. She descended the stairs.
• Ex.????????????????? ?
• These ideas descend from those of the ancient
  philosophers.
• descendant n person descended from another ??
• the descendants of Queen Victoria

47
Words and phrases

• establish
• 1) vt. set (sth) up on a firm or permanent basis
  
• This business was established in 1860.
• establish a close relationship with sb.
• 2) vt. often passive ? sb/oneself (in sth) (as
  sth)?place sb/oneself in a position, office, etc,
  usu on a permanent basis
• He established himself as governor of the
  province.
• Cf. establishment n U ?? ??
• Ex.???????????.
• This discovery established his reputation.

48
Words and phrases

• influence
  vt. influencen 1) U, C(sing.)??(?),??C??????
  ??? (on sb/sth)?
• the influence of parents on their children
• have/exert/exercise a (good/bad/ beneficial/
  harmful) influence on sb's character
• Those so-called friends of hers are a bad
  influence on her.
• 2) U ? (over sb/sth)? ??? ???
• His parents no longer have any real influence
  over him
• Ex. ?????????????
• This book had a great influence on his life.

49
Words and phrases

• alternative
• n. C one/choice of two or more possibilities
  ???????of n.?,????ton.????????(???the
  alternative)
• One of the alternatives open to you is to resign.
  
• I had no money, so I had no alternative to
  staying no alternative but to stay at home.
• ??????,???????????????
• You have the alternative of marrying or remaining
  a bachelor.

50
Words and phrases

• Ex. ?????????????
• What was the alternative to going home?
• Cf. alternative adj. ????,???
• alternate adj.???, ???, ??? v.??, ??
• Ex. ??? A. alternate B. alternative
• We spent a week of ______ rain and sunshine.
• The way was blocked, so we had to go by an ______
  road.
• I offered the _____ suggestions of spending the
  vacation in the mountains or by the sea.

51
Words and phrases

• enrich vt. ? sb/sth (with sth)?
• 1) make sb/sth rich or richer ???
• That once poor coastal village has been enriched
  by the profits from tourism
• 2)improve the quality, flavour, etc of sth ??
• Reading enriches the mind. enrichment n U.
• Ex.
• ?????????
• Travel enriches peoples lives.

52
Words and phrases

• independent adj ? (of sb/sth)?not controlled
  (by other people or things) ???
• Barbados(????) was once a British colony, but now
  it's independent.
• ???????????.
• He is old enough to be independent of his parents
  

53
Words and phrases

• strictly speaking adv. if one uses words,
  applies rules, etc. in their exact sense
• Hes not strictly speaking an artist he is more
  of a performer.
• ????,???????????????????????
• Strictly speaking she was not qualified for the
  job. But we employed her because of her honesty.
• to (some, what, such an, a certain, a very real,
  etc) extent to the degree specified ?????
• To what extent can he be believed?
• Ex. ???????????.
• To some/a certain extent you are correct.

54
Words and phrases

• pass (sth.) on to (sb.) hand or give (sth.)
  to (sb.)
• When you have finished reading the novel, please
  pass it on to Laura.
• (be/get) out of control
• be/become no longer manageable ????
• Inflation has got out of control.
• Cf. (be) in control (of sth) ??
• Who's in control of the project?
• bring/get sth/be under control?? ??
• The fire has been brought under control.
• Ex. ????????.
• The children are out of control.

55

• put into practice ?????
• They put into practice in their daily lives the
  teaching they received.
• Ex. ????????,????????????
• Having delayed several times, we must put our
  plans into practice.
• strike out
• start being independent start doing what one
  wants to do in life.
• After working for his father for about ten years,
  he decided to strike out on his own (????).

56

• be supposed to (line 9-10)
• 1) to have a duty of responsibility to do sth to
  be intended to to be generally considered to
  be??,??,??
• Everybody is supposed to bring a bottle to the
  party.
• This law is supposed to help the poor.
• I havent seen it myself, but its supposed to be
  a good film.
• 2) (infml) ??????,????? not allowed to ??,??
• You are not allowed to smoke in this building.
• Ex. ????????(?????)?
• We are supposed to help each other.

57
Words and phrases

• must
• must used to express a strong belief must
  ?????????????????????????,???????
• a) ???????????,??? must ???? ? must be
  ??????
• She must dislike such a man. He must be
  having the meeting now.
• b) ?????????????,??? must have ??????
• It must have rained last night, for the ground is
  wet.

58
Words and phrases

• Note must ???????cant ?couldnt,??????????
• Can he be serious? ???????
• It cant/ couldnt have been true. ????????
• Ex. ??
• She mustnt have been to your home. She doesnt
  know your address. (
  )
• Paul did so well in his speech today that he
  should have practiced it many times this past
  week.
• ( )
• Judging by the noise that is coming from their
  room, I think that they must have a party. (
  )

59
Post-reading

• 1.  drawing a picture
• 1)   T draws Ss attention to a quotation from
  Ralph Waldo Emerson in the Quotations section
  The English language is the sea which receives
  tributaries from every region under heaven.
• 2)   Ss try to draw a picture of the development
  of the English language. The body of English is
  the sea, while the major influences are the
  tributaries that flow into it. At each point
  where a river merges into the sea, note down the
  time. Along each river, note down the name of the
  language(s) from which English has borrowed.
  (refer to Text Organization Exercise 2)
• 3)   Some Ss draw their pictures on the
  blackboard. Then T gives some comments.

60
drawing a picture

• 4)   Ss re-read Part II to find out how the
  author organizes the phases of English language
  development into a coherent piece. (By
  transitional devices at paragraph heads. Pay
  special attention to the underlined parts below
• ---- How did the language of a small
  islandbecome the language of the planet?
• ---- New words came with the Germanic tribes in
  the 5th century.
• ---- The next big influence on English was
• ---- Then into this relatively peaceful land came
  the Vikings
• ---- Another flood of new vocabulary occurred in
  1066
• ---- Around 1476 William Caxton set up a printing
  press in England
• ---- As settlers landed in North America)

61
Post-reading

• Useful expressions
• 1. ???   a hit parade
   2. ????   the things that
  really matter to us  3.  ???????????  strictly
  speaking  
• 4.  ????   make a
  speech  5.??????   for effect
•  6.?????   a systematic
  study  
• 7.???   descend
  from
• 8.??  come up
  with  9.????  drift
  west 
• 10.?????   pass on to us
   

62
Post-reading

• Useful expressions
• 11.??????  enjoy oneself 
• 12.????  
  rear/raise a child  
• 13.????  common
  people 
• 14.???   a
  printing press
• 15.?????   a wealth of
  new thinking
• 16.??????   the European
  Renaissance
• 17.??   be
  out of control  
• 18.????  put into
  practice  
• 19.????????   a respecter of the
  liberties of each individual 
• 20.????   strike
  out new paths
•  21.??????   nourish the
  principles of  
• 22.??  the
  rights of man
• 23.????  an
  intellectual elite  

63
Post-reading

• Proverbs and Quotations  
• 1. Speech is silver, silence is gold. ????,????? 
• 2. Speech is the index/picture of the
  mind. ????? 
• 3. Speech shows what a man is.????????
• 4. A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle
  of life.
•                                        -- Karl
  Marx, German philosopher 
• ????????????
•                -- ?????   K. ???
• 5. Grammar must be learned through language, and
  not  language through grammar.
•                             -- Johann G. Herdor,
  German philosopher 
• ??????????,????????????
•             -- ?????   J.G.  ???
•  6. Speech is a mirror of soul as a man speaks,
  so is he.
•                                         --
  Ephraem Syrus,  American writer  
• ???????????????,?????????????
•                                -- ????  E.???