A SEMINAR ON NOx REDUCTION BY FUEL WATER EMULSION INJECTION

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A SEMINAR ONNOx
REDUCTION BY FUEL WATER EMULSION INJECTION

• PRESENTED BY
• SHAIK NAYEEM ABBAS
• UNI- 3KB04ME046
• KBNCE

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Introduction

• The nitrogen oxide reduction technology based on
  fuel water emulsion injection (FWE), developed by
  MAN BW Diesel.
• More than 95 of the worlds trade goes by sea
  and there are approximately 86,000 ocean going
  merchant ships. About 97 of them are propelled
  by large-bore, highly supercharged diesel engines
  such as shown.

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Formation of NOx

• Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are formed when nitrogen
  (N2) and oxygen (O2) are combined at high
  temperatures and pressure during the combustion
  of fuel. All fuels, such as gasoline, diesel,
  biodiesel, propane, coal, and ethanol, emit NOx
  when burned.

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Formation of NOx
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Prompt NOx

• Frequently observed in fuel-rich flames and at
  low temperatures.
• Three possible sources
• Non-equilibrium nascent oxygen (O) and hydroxyl
  (OH) radical concentrations accelerate the rate
  of thermal NO mechanism.
• Reactions of hydrocarbon radicals with molecular
  nitrogen
• Reaction of nascent oxygen (O) with molecular
  nitrogen

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Fuel NOx

• Form nitrogen bearing fuels such as certain coals
  and oil.
• Can contribute upto 50 of total emissions when
  combusting oil
• As much as 80 when combusting coal.

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Thermal NOx

• Is highly temperature dependent.
• Formed through high temperature oxidation of the
  diatomic nitrogen found in combustion air.

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Properties of NOx

• Gas
• Most nitrogen oxides are odorless
• NO2 combined with particulate, appears
  reddish-brown (smog)

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Harmful effects of NOx

• Aggravate asthmatic conditions
• React with the Oxygen in the air to produce
  ozone
• Form nitric acid when dissolved in water.
• Cause acid rain
• Form clouds of smog in the summer

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Fuel Water Emulsion Injection
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• 1) Primary Method
• Modification of combustion
• Modification of Air intake system
• Exhaust Gas Re-circulation
• 2) Secondary Method
• Fuel Water Emulsion Injection
• 3) Pre treatment Method
• Denitration of Fuel
• Alternative Fuel

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Principle

• Add water to a fuel
• The evaporation of water reduces the temperature
  maximum in the combustion zone.
• The formation of nitrogen oxides is decreased by
  reduced reaction rates
• The actually required water flow is calculated as
  a function of power

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Method of injection

• Will provide an emulsified diesel fuel to the
  engines injector pump, with a water content from
  0 to 40.
• Emulsification of the fuel is created
  mechanically in a fuel-mixing chamber.
• Diesel pumped to the fuel-mixing chamber from the
  fuel tank where water is added to the fuel
  through a probe controlled by a microprocessor
  with controlling software.
• Mechanical agitation technique results in the
  breakup of the water into small droplets that are
  dispersed throughout the diesel fuel,
  representing an emulsion.

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Diesel engine
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Combustion

• When liquid is sprayed into a co-flowing air
  stream, the spray forms a jet inside the chamber.
  
• The jet consists of evaporating liquid fuel
  droplets suspended in a hot environment.
• Phase slip and temperature gradients exist
  between the droplets and the surrounding gas,
  leading to momentum, mass and energy transfer
  between the two phases.

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Effect on Exhaust Emissions
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Reduction in NOx Vs Water
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Effect In the engine

• This technique involves injecting water using the
  same injector as the fuel, eliminates the need
  for an additional fuel injector.
• Electronic fuel injection is required to control
  the injection.
• Altering the fuel then water injection process,
  is likely to come at a significant extra cost.

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Advantages

• Reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions
• Reduction of soot emissions
• Controlling of the water quantity by the engine
  parameters
• Usable in stationary as well as mobile application

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Disadvantages

• High initial cost
• Severe corrosion problem
• Separate pump for the fuel and water are needed
  along with the modification to the fuel delivery
  line and in the injectors.

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Conclusion-Water Fuel Emulsion

• Water content to 20
• 15-38 NOx reduction
• 1-3 efficiency reduction
• Smaller particles
• Promotes higher NOx reduction
• Little effect on efficiency reduction
• NOx reduction is a function of chamber and flame
  temperature.

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References

• I.C.Engine By V.Ganeshan
• I.C.Engine By Rajput
• Emulsion and Emulsion Stability by Johan
  Siojblom
• Dynamics of emulsification and de emulsification
  of water in crude oil emission by Bhardwaj
• MAN BW Diesel A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
• Emission Control

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• Any Questions..???????

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• THANK YOU