From Republic to Empire

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From Republic to Empire

• The Roman Republic, in the face of changing
  social and economic conditions, succumbed to
  civil war and was replaced by an imperial regime,
  the Roman Empire

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Warm up

• How did Rome build an empire around the
  Mediterranean Sea?
• What were the benefits of expansion?
• What were the problems with expansion?
• What is a latifundia?
• Who were Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus?

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Essential Questions

• Why did the Roman Republic fail to survive
  challenges by Julius Caesar?
• How did military conquests alter economic and
  social life in Rome?
• How did an imperial monarchy come to rule Rome?

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Roman Expansion Preparedness meets
Opportunity

• Three Stages
• Conquest of Italy
• Conflict with Carthage expansion into western
  Mediterranean Sea
• Domination of Hellenistic kingdoms in the eastern
  Mediterranean

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Effects of Expansion Social Economic

• New class of wealthy Romans emerges
• Latifundia estates of the wealthy
• Wealth increased corruption
• Greed and self interest replaced loyalty and
  virtue
• Spread of slave labor
• Roman farmers competed with farmers from other
  lands
• Grain prices dropped
• Forced out of business lost farms
• Forced to move to Rome for jobs
• Joined angry mobs that rioted

a latifundium, or large-scale 'plantation',
during the Republic
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Horatio was a hero who represented selfless
loyalty in defense of Rome
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Slavery in Ancient Rome
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Attempts at Reform

• Brothers, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
• Elected tribunes by Plebeian class
• Saw need for reforms on behalf of the poor
• Provide land and grain to the poor
• Hated by wealthy Senators
• Both assassinated

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Gracchi Brothers Assassinated!
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A Century of Civil War

• Revolts demonstrated weaknesses of Republic
• Civil wars lasted 100 years
• Main issue who should rule?
• The Senate maintain style of government
• Consuls enact reforms

Sulla wins for the Patricians and become a
dictator
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Military Upheaval

• Soldiers became more loyal to their commanders
  than to the Republic
• Gave allegiance only to commanders because they
  were paid by the commanders

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Rise of Julius Caesar

• Roman Republics greatest general
• Ambitious, popular
• Consul along with Pompey
• Military genius who conquered Gaul
• Dominated Roman politics

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Crossing the RubiconAlea jacta est!The Die
is Cast

• Pompey jealous of Caesar
• Has the Senate order Caesar to disband
  army-return to Rome
• Caesar refused
• Reached Rubicon River in Northern Italy and
  crossed it on the way to Rome

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After Crossing the Rubicon

• Civil War erupted
• Caesar crushed Pompey his supporters
• Swept across Mediterranean reunited Empire
• Veni, vidi, vici. I came, I saw, I conquered

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Changes Under Caesar

• Forced Senate to declare him dictator
• Created public works to employ jobless
• Gave public land to poor
• Opened citizenship to more people
• Restructured the government
• Packed the Senate
• New calendar-Julian still used today

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What were the origins evolution of Imperial
Rome?

• First triumvirate
• Julius Caesar
• Pompey
• Crassas
• Julius Caesar-seized power, then assassinated
• Second Triumvirate
• Octavian
• Marc Antony
• Lepidus
• Octavian defeated Marc Antony became 1st
  Emperor
• Empire-unified enlarged, using imperial
  authority military
• Failed to provide a peaceful process for the
  succession of Emperors

Triumvirate means three men refers to a group of
three men who hold political power
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Caesars Death Beware the Ides of March

• Enemies feared his growing power
• Plotted his death to save the Republic
• stabbed on the Senate floor
• Mark Antony and Octavian (Julius Caesars nephew
  adopted son) hunted down the murderers
• Octavian turned on Marc Antony and claimed power
  in 31 BCE

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What were the causes of the decline of the Roman
Republic?

• Spread of slavery in the agricultural system
• Migration of small farmers into cities and
  unemployment
• Civil War over the power of Julius Caesar
• Devaluation of Roman currency inflation

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From every towering roof the rubbish falls,striki
ng the head, and injuries grow rank.See how pots 
strike and dint the sturdy pavementThere's death 
from every window where you move.You'd be a fool 
to venture out to dine,Oblivious of what goes on 
above,Without you having penned the dotted lineO
f your last testament,You can but hope they spill
 a chamberpot. Juvenal
A Hypothetical Roman Tenement Building. In the
upper-left corner, a chamberpot is being dumped
on the street below. In the lower-right corner, a
chamberpot is being emptied into a barrel located
under a staircase. Both methods of waste disposal
were common in ancient Rome
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Age of Augustus31 BCE to 14 CE

• Octavian changed name to Augustus (revered)
• Absolute power
• Formal end of the republic
• Beginning of the empire

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Imperial Rome Augustus Created a Stable
Government

• Efficient civil service - enforced the Law
• Rule of Law
• High-level jobs open to all regardless of class
• Ordered a census to fairly tax all cities
• Postal service
• Common coinage
• Provided jobs
• Secure travel and trade throughout the Empire

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Good Emperors

• Hadrian
• Codified Roman law
• Built walls in Britain prevented non-Romans from
  attacking
• Marcus Aurelius
• Tried to live up to Platos ideal philosopher
  king
• Wrote the Meditations
• Stoic Philosophy of commitment to duty

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Bad Emperors

• Caligula
• Appointed his favorite horse as consul
• Nero
• Had members of his own family killed
• Persecuted Christians and blamed them for causing
  the terrible fire that destroyed a large area of
  the city where the poor lived

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What was the Pax Romana?

• Two centuries of peace prosperity under
  imperial rule
• Expansion solidification of Roman Empire

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What was the economic impact of PaxRomana?

• Established standard currency
• Guaranteed safe travel trade on Roman roads
• Promoted peace, prosperity, stability

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Pax Roman Roman Peace27-BCE- 180 CE

• Egyptians farmers supplied empire w/ grain
• Africa provided wild animals, ivory, gold
• India provided spices, cotton, gems
• Persians linked Roman roads w/ Silk Road to China
• Greeks provided new ideas philosophies

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Family Religion Changing Role of Women

• Patriarchal society
• Ideal woman loving, dignified, strong
• Greater freedom over time
• Patrician women had greatest rights
• Roman women had more than Greek women
• Went to public baths, dined out, attended theater
• Some held public office
• Ran businesses
• Earned fortunes
• Most common job was housewife

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Education

• Girls boys learned to read/write
• Upper/lower classes educated
• Rhetoric important to upper classes

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Religion

• Polytheistic
• Pious but not personal, ethical or morals
• Inspired by Greek gods goddesses
• Roman calendar filled w/ feasts to honor them
• Public display-All participatedsense of
  community
• Numerous cults emerged popular with women
• Cult of the Emperor

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The Games Bread and Circuses

• Chariot Races at the Circus Maximus
• Gladiator Games in the Colisseum
• Kept the mobs entertained and happy
• Provided free grain to the poor
• Didnt solve Romes problems

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Roman Achievement Blending Spreading Greco-
Roman Civilization

• Rome borrowed and absorbed Greek ideas
• Greek culture was the height of culture
• Horace said, Greece has conquered her rude
  conqueror
• Trade and travel during the Pax Romana helped
  spread Greco-Roman civilization

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Roman Achievement Art

• Sculpture
• Borrowed from Greeks
• Very realistic
• Decorated homes, gardens, public areas

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Roman AchievementPaintings/Mosaics

• Used stone
• Different techniques
• Captured scenes of everyday life

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Roman Achievement Coins

• denarius
• worth about a day's wages for a skilled laborer
  or craftsman.
• Used to pay the army
• Used to pay taxes
• sestertius and the as
• used for smaller everyday purchases by the common
  people
• The denarius was a silver coin between the size
  of a modern dime and a nickel

Coins from 118 BCE
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Roman Achievement Architecture

• Very large, imposing buildings
• Unique designs
• Colosseum
• Baths of Caracalla
• Pantheon

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Roman AchievementEngineering

• Roads
• Bridges
• Harbors
• Aqueducts
• Plumbing

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Roman AchievementScience

• Borrowed from the Greeks
• Rarely did their own research
• Applied what they learned from the Greeks to
  practical situations/needs
• Geography
• Greek Astronomer Ptolemys study of the Universe
• Greek Scientist Galens study of science used
  scientific method to reach conclusions

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Literature Virgil

• Poet
• The Aeneid
• Linked to Homers works
• Aeneas, soldier who escaped Troy to found Rome
• Taught patriotism and unity

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Literature Ovid

• Poet
• Linked Greek and Roman culture as well
• Connected Greek gods to Roman gods

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LiteratureHorace Juvenal

• Satirists who made fun of Roman culture
• Similar to todays The Simpsons or South Park, or
  Saturday Night Live

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Historians Livy

• goal was to restore pride in Rome
• Recalled Romes great past
• Recounted tales of heroes (Horatius Cincinnatus)

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Historians Tacitus

• Criticized past emperors
• Claimed leaders like Augustus destroyed Roman
  liberty

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Philosophers Emperor Marcus Aurelius

• Borrowed from the Greeks -Stoic
• Accepted ideas of responsibility and acceptance
  of ones fate
• Taught that citizens should care for all people

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Roman Law

• Let justice be done though the heavens fall
• Famous Roman saying
• Commitment to the rule of law regardless of
  outcome

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Roman Law Two Systems

• Civil Law
• Laws that applied to all Roman citizens
• Law of Nations
• All non-citizens under Roman control
• Citizenship granted to all and the two systems
  merged
• Became basis for American legal system

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Roman Law Principles

• All people are equal before the law
• The accused are presumed innocent
• The accused are allowed a trial
• Guilt must be established through evidence
• Decisions made by a fair judge

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What was the political impact of the Pax Romana?

• Created a civil service
• Developed a uniform rule of law