Title: The%20role%20of%20science%20-%20industry%20interactions%20within%20emerging%20fields:%20An%20analysis%20of%20technological%20performance%20on%20the%20level%20of%20regions%20and%20firms
1The role of science - industry interactions
within emerging fields An analysis of
technological performance on the level of regions
and firms
- Cathy Lecocq
- Dimetic session, Pecs, July 2007
2The role of science - industry interactions
within emerging fields
- PhD Framework
- The role of science industry interactions for
the technological performance of regions and
firms in new emerging fields - The role of (national/regional) policies aimed at
stimulating the collaboration between academia
and industry, and their distinctive impact on
inter-organisation collaboration at the level of
the firm and the region.
3The role of science - industry interactions
within emerging fields
- Using formal RD collaborations, based on
co-publication and co-patenting data - gt hereby exploring the relevancy of this
set of indicators as comprehensive measures for
the amount and nature of scientific and
technological collaboration on the level of
regions and firms. - Focusing in a first phase on biotechnology, which
can be considered as an emergent and growing
field of technological and economical activity
over the last decades - In a next step, this pilot will be extended
towards other technology fields in order to check
whether and to what extent the role of science
industry interactions is really distinctive
within emerging, knowledge intensive technologies
4Collaboration between Academia and Industry and
the technological Performance of European
Regions the Case of Biotechnology
- Catherine Lecocq
- Bart Van Looy
- Managerial Economics, Strategy and Innovation
- Faculty of Economics and Applied Economics
- K.U.Leuven
5Science-Industry interaction and the
technological performance of regions
- System approach of innovation interaction
between multiple actors - Innovation Systems
- (National) Innovation Systems (Lundvall, 1992
Freeman, 1987 Nelson, 1993) - Regional dynamics (Acs, 2000 Blind and Grupp,
1999 Cooke, 2002 Florida and Cohen, 1999
Keeble and Wilkinson, 2000 Saxenian, 1994) - Triple Helix model (Leydesdorff and Etzkowitz,
1996 1998) - Firms
- Suppliers and customers (Shaw, 1994 Von Hippel,
1988) - Potential lead users (Quinn, 1985 Von Hippel et
al., 1999) - Universities and public research centres (Gerwin
et al., 1992, Santoro, 2000 Tidd et al., 2002,
Veugelers and Cassiman, 2005) - Future or existing competitors (Hamel, 1991
Dodgson, 1993) - Open Innovation paradigm (Chesbrough, 2003)
6Science-Industry interaction and the
technological performance of regions
- Recent research on RD collaboration of firms
differentiates between different types of
alliances based on Marchs (1991) exploration vs
exploitation framework and indicates
differentiated relationships with innovative
performance (multi-dimensional) - Integrated product development path (Rothaermel
and Deeds, 2004 2006) - exploration alliances -gt products in development
-gt exploitation alliances -gt new products on the
market - Firms engaging more in collaboration with
universities and knowledge generating institutes
perform better in terms of the development of new
technologies and products (Belderbos et al.,
2004 Faems et al.,2005) - Firms engaging in exploitative collaborations
with other firms perform better in terms of
obtaining turnover from improved products (Faems
et al., 2005) or show a significant impact on
labour productivity growth (Belderbos et al.,
2004).
7Science-Industry interaction and the
technological performance of regions
- For knowledge creation and diffusion processes
involving a substantial amount of tacit knowledge
proximity matters (Malmberg and Maskell, 1997
1999 Jaffe, Trajtenberg, and Henderson, 1993,
Anselin, Varga and Acs, 1997) - Universities and research labs contribute to the
technological and innovative performance of their
regions (Jaffe, 1989 1993 Mansfield, 1995 Acs
et al. 1991 2002 Anselin et al. 1997 Varga,
2002 Fischer et al. 2003) - But seems more pronounced within certain (broad)
technological fields than across all fields
(Jaffe, 1989 Acs, et al., 1991 Anselin et al.
2000) - Results in increasing attention for regional
innovation dynamics/clusters unit of analysis
within this study
8Science-Industry interaction and the
technological performance of regions
- Technologies progress along a Technology Life
Cycle (Utterback and Abernathy 1975 Roussel,
1984 Foster 1986 Anderson and Tushman, 1997
Andersen 2001) - Different stages of technology coincide with
different characteristics of the technologies
with respect to technical and market uncertainty,
technical performance, levels of RD investments,
etc. (Roussel, 1984 Foster 1986) - The development path of technologies typically
follows an S-shaped growth path (Andersen 2001)
9Science-Industry interaction and the
technological performance of regions
- We hypothesize that the nature and impact of
university industry collaborations for regional
development vary as technologies and industries
progress along the technology/product life cycle.
- And more specifically
- 1) More RD collaborations between companies and
universities/ research centres will lead to
better technological performance of regions
(within emerging, knowledge intensive, fields)
during the first, more explorative, phases of the
technology life cycle. - 2) More RD collaboration between companies will
lead to better technological performance of the
regions during next, more exploitation oriented
phases of the technology life cycle.
10Science-Industry interaction and the
technological performance of regions
DATA EPO patents -gt consistent, field specific
and comparable data for a large number of regions
and over longer time periods
Assignee(s) Name(s) Addresse(s)
Patent Technology class (IPC code)
Inventor(s) Name(s) Adresses(s)
11Science-Industry interaction and the
technological performance of regions
- EPO patents within the domain of Biotechnology
(appl years 1978-2001) - Result of a prior effort to map the field of
biotechnology (Glänzel et al., 2003) - Assignment of assignee type University, public
research centre, company, hospital, private
person - Based on the sector assignment methodology
developed by the Policy Research Centre for RD
Statistics (Leuven, Belgium, see Van Looy, Du
Plessis Magerman, Eurostat WP, 2006) - Allocation of addresses to regions nuts 3 level
- Using the 3-level hierarchical classification
of regions established by Eurostat the
Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics
(NUTS) - Selection of nuts level nuts1/2
- Nuts1 for smaller European countries, nuts 2 for
other countries - Criterion average population on the region
level gt 1 mio
12Science-Industry interaction and the
technological performance of regions
- Overview of selected nuts level, number of
regions and average population per country (
EU-15 Switzerland)
13Science-Industry interaction and the
technological performance of regions
- Indicators of technological performance of
regions - (based on inventor addresses)
- Collaboration indicators
- (based on co-assigneeship, allocated to regions
based on assignee addresses) -
14Science-Industry interaction and the
technological performance of regions
- Panel dataset with 4.728 observations pertaining
to 197 regions in EU-15 and Switzerland, over the
time period 1978-2001 (24 years) - Descriptive statistics (per region and year,
period 1978-2001) -
15Science-Industry interaction and the
technological performance of regions
- Clustering of biotech activities in EU-15 and
Switzerland (1978-2001) - 1/3 of patents is concentrated within 10
regions - 17 regions (8,6) have no biotech patents 27
(13,7) regions have no more than 5 patents -
16Science-Industry interaction and the
technological performance of regions
- Top 10 regions in EU-15 CH
Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire(UK)
East Anglia (UK)
Denmark (DK)
Zuid-Holland (NL)
Vlaams gewest (BE)
Île de France (FR)
Köln (DE)
Darmstadt (DE)
Oberbayern (DE)
Karlsruhe (DE)
GeoDa
17Science-Industry interaction and the
technological performance of regions
- Collaboration within biotechnology
- 15.015 patents with at least 1 assignee in EU-15
and Switzerland (1978-2001) - gt 1.843 (12,3) with 2 or more assignees
- 536 KGI industry collaboration (3,6)
- 409 Industry industry collaboration (2,7)
- Correlations
18Science-Industry interaction and the
technological performance of regions
- Evolution of patenting in the field of
biotechnology -
Period 1978-1990 steady linear increase of the
patent stock Period 1991-1999 exponential growth
of the number of patents
19Science-Industry interaction and the
technological performance of regions
- MODEL What is the nature and impact of
university industry collaborations for regional
development as technologies and industries
progress along the technology/product life cycle? - Period 1978-1990
- First, explorative phase of the TLC
- Period 1991-1999
- Next, more exploitation orientated
- phase of the TLC
- Collaboration in year t-gt technological
performance of the region in year t2 - Fixed Effect Negative Binomial regression model
- -gt controls for unobserved between region -
differences such as BERD and HERD
20Science-Industry interaction and the
technological performance of regions
- RESULTS (1)
- Number of patents per Region (t2)
21Science-Industry interaction and the
technological performance of regions
- RESULTS (2)
- Number of patents per population per Region (t2)
-
22Science-Industry interaction and the
technological performance of regions
- CONCLUSIONS
- During the first explorative phases of the
technology life cycle - science industry interaction leads to a better
technological performance of the region - collaboration between industrial partners
contributes to the technological performance of
regions - During the more exploitative phases of the
technology life cycle - science industry interaction leads to a better
technological performance of the region,
suggesting that even during the later phases of
the technology life cycle, exploratory research
activities remain present - but collaboration between industrial partners
does not lead to better technological performance
of regions Reduced importance of collaboration
between firms during later stages of the life
cycle? (ltgt open innovation system rhetoric)
23Science-Industry interaction and the
technological performance of regions
- FURTHER RESEARCH will be focused on the
introduction of - the geographical distribution of co-patenting
(local, national, international), - characteristics of the regional economical
texture (number and size of the firms), - the specific role of scientific capabilities,
- and extending indicators signaling collaboration
(co-publication) in order to further qualify the
relationships identified so far