Industrial%20Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution
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• I. Explaining the Industrial Revolution
• A. Why Europe?
• 1. Technology, science, and economics elsewhere
• China, India, Islamic world!
• 2. Competition within Europe
• Constant state support for innovation and
  invention
• 3. State-merchant alliances
• Developed due to states ability to tax
  merchants in return gave state support,
  monopoly power, and military assistance

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• I. Explaining the Industrial Revolution
• A. Why Europe?
• 4. Competition with Asian imports
• Caused Europeans to experiment with labor
  and cost-saving devices to compete economically
• 5. The American windfall silver, sugar, slaves,
  and more
• it all came to Europe
• Europe was not predestined to revolutionize
  firstthey just got lucky!!!

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• I. Explaining the Industrial Revolution
• B. Why Britain?
• 1. Colonies new foods, new profits, new
  resources
• 2. Enclosure movement
• 3. Urban merchants thrived
• 4. Entrepreneurial aristocrats capitalism!
• 5. Religiously tolerant accepting of
  refugees
• 6. Political stability no wars, rule of law
  was stable
• 7. Practical, not theoretical, science more
  engineering focus
• 8. Lucky geography water, water, watercoal,
  iron, island nation away from the instability of
  mainland Europe

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Enclosed Lands Today
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Mine Forge 1840-1880

• More powerful than water is coal.
• More powerful than wood is iron.
• Innovations make steel feasible.
• Puddling 1820 pig iron.
• Hot blast 1829 cheaper, purer steel.
• Bessemer process 1856 strong, flexible steel.

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Coalfields Industrial Areas
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Young Coal Miners
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Child Labor in the Mines
Child hurriers
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• II. The First Industrial Society
• A. The British Aristocracy
• 1. Landowners remained wealthy
• 2. Overall decline in class power challenged
  by new wealth of industrialists, bankers,
  entrepreneurs

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The "Haves" Bourgeois Life Thrived on the
Luxuries of the Industrial Revolution
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19c Bourgeoisie The Industrial Nouveau Riche
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Stereotype of the Factory Owner
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• II. The First Industrial Society
• B. The Middle Classes
• 1. Classical Liberalism belief in small
  government, education, and law guaranteed by
  constitution
• 2. Samuel Smiles, Self-Help
• most famous example, stressed hard work and
  self-reliance
• 3. Women paragons of respectability
• show not work and should concern themselves
  with domestic sphere
• expected to work a few years before marrying
• 4. The lower middle class clerks, salespeople,
  teacher, etcdesk jobs did not pay well, but was
  above the laboring classes

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• II. The First Industrial Society
• C. The Laboring Classes
• 1. 70 percent of Britain in factories, mines,
  farms
• suffered the most, gained the least
• 2. Rapid urbanization
• poor city planning
• poor conditions cramped, dirty
• 3. New working conditions
• long hours, few breaks, LOW pay, dark, cold,
  dirty
• 4. Women and girls in the factory
• preferred because seen as less challenging to
  authority

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The "Have-Nots" The Poor, The Over-Worked, the
Destitute
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Industrial Staffordshire
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Problems of Polution
The Silent Highwayman - 1858
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The New Industrial City
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Worker Housing in Manchester
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Factory Workers at Home
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The Life of the New Urban Poor A Dickensian
Nightmare!
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Private Charities Soup Kitchens
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Private Charities The Lady Bountifuls
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Factory Production

• Concentrates production in oneplace materials,
  labor.
• Located near sources of power rather than labor
  or markets.
• Requires a lot of capital investmentfactory,
  machines, etc. morethan skilled labor.
• Only 10 of English industry in 1850.

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Textile FactoryWorkers in England
1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
1850 224, 000 looms gt1 million workers
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The Factory System

• Rigid schedule.
• 12-14 hour day.
• Dangerous conditions.
• Mind-numbing monotony.

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Textile FactoryWorkers in England
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Young Bobbin-Doffers
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• II. The First Industrial Society
• D. Social Protest
• 1. Trade unions, 1824 to protect and fight for
  laborers
• 2. Robert Owen (17711858)
• Created model community in New Lanark,
  Scotland
• Decent, spacious housing, higher wages,
  education for all kids
• 3. Karl Marxs (18181883) scientific
  socialism
• Merged French Revolution ideas with
  scientific analysis of history
• Claimed capitalism was unstable, lead to
  collapse

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The Socialists Utopians Marxists

• People as a society would operate and own
  themeans of production, not individuals.
• Their goal was a society that benefited
  everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.
• Tried to build perfect communities utopias.

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• II. The First Industrial Society
• D. Social Protest
• 4. Labor Party and 19101913 strikes
• 5. British reform (and nationalism), not
  revolution or radical
• 6. Competition and decline
• due to early industrialization they had many
  aging and rusty, old machines and could not keep
  up with the advanced factories in the U.S. and
  mainland

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• II. The First Industrial Society
• E. Europeans in Motion
• 1. Migration to cities and other continents
• due to opportunitiesor promise of
• 2. Settler colonies
• 3. White Europeans in Latin America
• Gave superior social status to Europeans
• 4. Opportunities and diversity in the United
  States
• 30 million immigrants between 1820-1930
• 5. Russians and Ukrainians to Siberia
• After serf emancipation in 1861, 10 million
  migrated to Serbia for land, freedom, and
  opportunity

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• III. The Industrial Revolution and Latin America
  in the Nineteenth Century
• A. After Independence in Latin America
• 1. Turbulent international and domestic politics
• Conservative vs. progressive forces
• 2. Caudillos military leaders with political
  power authoritarian leaders.
• 3. Caste War of Yucatán (18471901)
• civil war/revolt of indigenous to ride the
  European and mixed-race settlers

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• III. The Industrial Revolution and Latin America
  in the Nineteenth Century
• B. Facing the World Economy
• 1. Steam ships and telegrams
• brought some industrialization into Latin
  America, although it did not formally
  industrialize at this time
• 2. Exports to the industrializing world
• metal silver, copper, tin
• food products beef, coffee, bananas
• other rubber, bird guano
• 3. Imported industrial goods from U.S and Europe
• 4. Foreign capital investment
• grew railways and mines, but lost control of
  economy

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• III. The Industrial Revolution and Latin America
  in the Nineteenth Century
• C. Becoming like Europe?
• 1. A Eurocentric elite imitation
• 2. Urbanization led to new, modern cities
  (Buenos Aires)
• 3. Solicitation of European immigrants to make
  population more white
• 4. Few saw economic benefits from exports
• 5. Growth of unions and strikes provokes
  repression
• more brutal than in Europe

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• III. The Industrial Revolution and Latin America
  in the Nineteenth Century
• C. Becoming like Europe?
• 6. Rural poverty most of the population
• 7. Mexican Revolution (19101920)
• 1 million dead
• Led to 1917 constitution
• No real impact outside of Mexico
• 8. Dependent Development and Banana
  Republics
• 9. American intervention to protect its
  economic and political interests military
  intervention Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic,
  Nicaragua, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico

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• IV. Variations on a Theme Industrialization in
  the United States and Russia
• A. The United States Industrialization without
  Socialism
• 1. Explosive growth became 1
• 2. Pro-business legislation government support
• land grants, low taxes, tolerance of
  monopolies

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IV. Variations on a Theme Industrialization in
the United States and Russia

• Mass production for a mass market
• Assembly lines, catalogs, department
  stores...culture of consumption
• Ford, Carnegie, and Rockefeller as cultural
  heroes
• Difficult working and living conditions

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• IV. Variations on a Theme Industrialization in
  the United States and Russia
• 6. Strikes and class conflict but weak political
  organization (unlike in Europe socialism)
• 7. Conservative unions, racial politics, and
  high standards of living weak labor movement
• 8. Populists and Progressives but few Socialists
• Populists small farmers who rallied against
  banks, industrialists, financial system
• Progressives sought working, living, and
  sanitation conditions reform

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• IV. Variations on a Theme Industrialization in
  the United States and Russia
• B. Russia Industrialization and Revolution
• 1. A complete opposite of the United States of
  America
• 2. State-sponsored change, not from the bottom
  upled to open hostility against popular
  movements
• 3. Rapid industrialization produces social
  conflicts
• based on railways and heavy industry from
  foreign investments
• 4. Small but VERY radical proletariat

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• IV. Variations on a Theme Industrialization in
  the United States and Russia
• B. Russia Industrialization and Revolution
• 5. Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party
• sought to use Marxism to change society
• 6. 1905 Revolution, repression, and reluctant
  reforms
• 7. Growth of revolutionary parties
• due to dissatisfaction with the government
  and society within Russia
• 8. 1917 Lenin and the Bolsheviks