Crisis and Absolutism

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Crisis and Absolutism

• England, France, Spain, Russia, Prussia, Austria

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Crisis? What crisis? Isnt everything fine in
Europe after the Renaissance?

• Religion, Religion, Religion!!!
• Conflict between Protestants and Catholics result
  in wars for religious and political control of
  the different regions of Europe

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AbsolutismAbsolutely!

• Absolute monarchs are also associated with the
  rise of professional standing armies,
  professional bureaucracies, the codification of
  state laws, and the rise of ideologies that
  justify the absolutist monarchy.
• Absolutist monarchs typically were considered to
  have the divine right of kings as a cornerstone
  of the philosophy that justified their power.

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England

• 1558 laid foundation for a world empire
• For political (not religious reasonsalthough
  used religion as a justification) Henry VIII
  established the Church of England

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Henry VIIIs SIX wives

• Catherine of Aragon Anne Boleyn
  Jane Seymour
• Divorced after 20 yrs. Executed
  Died
• (ChildMary) (ChildElizabeth)
  (ChildEdward)
• Anne of Cleves Kathryn Howard
  Katherine Parr
• Annuled Beheaded Outlived

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Spain

• Largest empire Catholic spread to Central and
  South America
• King Philip II controlled Spanish Netherlands
  (Flanders) foremost Western European power
• Married to Queen Mary of England
• Spanish Armada very powerful in early part of Era
  of Absolutism (because of the Age of Exploration)
• England defeated the Armada when Queen Elizabeth
  (his sister-in-law) was in power

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Spanish ArmadaQueen Mary I

• Qqueen Mary I

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Bloody Mary

• 1555 Protestant Bonfires (burned at the stake)
• As Queen, Mary was very concerned about heresy
  and the English church. She had always rejected
  the break with Rome instituted by her father and
  the establishment of Protestantism by Edward VI.

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England and the Elizabethan Age

• 1558-1603
• Defeated the Spanish Armada
• Shakespearean Era

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Russia

• Ivan IV (aka Ivan the Terrible) Czar (caesar)
• Time of Troubles
• Michael Romanov came to power and the Romanov
  family ruled from 1613 lasted until 1917 (WWI)
• Peter the Great(1689)
• Sought to westernize Russia (open a window to
  the West)
• European technology
• Police state
• Built St. Petersburg

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30 YEARS WAR1618-1648

• Initially the war was fought largely as a
  religious conflict between Protestants and
  Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire (modern-day
  Germany), although disputes over the internal
  politics and balance of power within the Empire
  played a significant part.
• Gradually the war developed into a more general
  conflict involving most of the European powers.

• The War started then and included ALL major
  European powers except England involved
• End Peace of Westphalia ended war in Germany

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France

• Louis XIV (14) takes power in 1643 at 4 years
  old
• Cardinal Mazarin ran country until his death 1661
• At 23, Louis took over
• ABSOLUTE power and DIVINE RIGHT
• Created Versailles Anti-Protestant Policy
  Spread mercantilism

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Versailles(just outside of Paris, France)
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(No Transcript)
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Peace of Westphalia

• Ended European Wars of Religion
• Divided the more than 300 states of the Holy
  Roman Empire into independent states
• Gave the states the power to determine their
  own religion
• Gave the states the power to conduct their own
  foreign policy
• Brought an END to Holy Roman Empire OFFICIALLY
• Created NATION-STATES in Europe

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End of the Thirty Years War
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England after Elizabeth

• Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, the Tudor dynasty
  ends
• James I Divine Right King of England
• Charles I (1628-son of James)
• Parliament passed petition that king could not
  pass taxes without Parliaments consent

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English Civil War

• 1642 Cavaliers (Royalists) V. Parliament/Oliver
  Cromwell (Roundheads)
• Roundheads WON!
• Oliver Cromwell creates Rump Parliament and
  executes Charles I (1649)
• Civil War ENDS ABSOLUTE monarchy and House of
  Lords creates a commonwealth
• AND THEN set up a military dictatorship (1658)

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Glorious Revolution

• Cromwell dies, Charles II takes over
  (restoration of the Stuart kings)
• Parliament kept power
• James II takes over (Catholic)
• Parliament asks Mary, daughter of James to join
  her husband (William of Orange) to invade England
  in exchange for the throne
• NO BLOODSHED
• 1689 English Bill of Rights Constitutional
  Monarchy
• Toleration Act of 1689 Puritans (not Catholics)
  free to publicly worship

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Prussia, Austria, and Germany

• Prussia, Austria, and the German city-states are
  somewhat powerful at the time
• Since the Hapsburgs lost Germany which was the
  Holy Roman Empire, the family took Austria, Czech
  Republic, and Hungary and when they defeated the
  Turks (Muslims) in 1683, they took Transylvania,
  Croatia, and Slovania

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Hapsburgs in Eastern Europe
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Must Knows

• Religious tension
• Absolutism (in Europe)
• Henry VIII and Act of Supremacy
• Thirty Years War
• Peace of Westphalia
• English Civil War, Cromwell and the Glorious
  Revolution
• France, Spain, Hapsburgs, Russia, Austria, etc.
• End of the HRE