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Origin of Civilizations Chapter I

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... Evidence Religious festivals Egyptian Sacred place Pyramids (Rock Blocks/slabs) ... Egypt was isolated for much of its existence, ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Origin of Civilizations Chapter I


1
Origin of Civilizations Chapter I
  • AP World History

2
Timeline
3
The Spread of Human Populations, c. 10,000 B.C.E.
4
The Spread of Agriculture
5
Big Picture Snap Shot
  • Most people were still nomadic hunter and
    gatherers, in spite of the new civilizations-
    only about 5 lived in cities.
  • Definitions of civilization Elements urban,
    monumental building, writing, specialized
    occupations Aspects of civilizations? Cities,
    writing, political organization
  • Animism- belief that things in nature have souls
    or conscience, later a supernatural force
    animates organizes the universe.
  • Key Events
  • (Neolithic) Agriculture Revolutions (Actually
    more like an evolution)
  • Earliest known settlements about 7000 BCE
  • Jericho (Jordan River ) Catal Huyuk in Turkey
  • Early river valley civilizations, advanced urban
    cultures of Mesopotamia Egypt
  • Key technology- irrigation
  • Cultural hearths develop (meaning where
    civilizations began)
  • Origins of major religions

6
Mesopotamia 3200-1500BC State Building ,
Expansion, Conflict
  • Political structures forms of governance
  • Type of system- Sumerian states were not unified
    until about 2300BCE when Sargon the Great
    conquered the area- Before Sargon- most city
    states were theocracies
  • Empires- (Nations)
  • Sargon started the Akkadian Empire (Akkad, near
    current Baghdad)
  • About 2200 BCE city-state of Ur took over power
    controlling trade
  • During 1700s BCE- Hammurabi started the 1st
    Babylonian Empire
  • Revolts and revolutions
  • Global structures - Not many global
  • interactions at the time just trade usually
    local.

7
State Building , Expansion, Conflict
  • Political structures forms of governance
  • Type of system- Monarchy/Theocracy
  • Pharaohs enjoyed more power prestige than
    almost any ruler in World History. (god)
  • Empires-
  • Old Kingdom (3100-2500BCE) Most powerful little
    outside influence. Start of Pyramids as Tombs
    (Djosers Pyramid and his architect Imhotep)
  • Middle Kingdom (2100-1650BCE) Peaceful period
    until the Hyksos invaded/assimilated, start of
    Bronze Age in Egypt, started trade with
    neighbors, middle class of merchants officials,

Egypt, Kush and Axum
8
State Building , Expansion, Conflict
  • New Kingdom (1570-700BCE) Most recognized time
    names of Pharaohs, started conquering nations
    Nubia 1st, Hebrew Exodus, Battle of Kadesh
    against the Hittites. Downfall after 1200BCE,
  • Then Egyptian Empire was gone, back to the Nile
    River enduring
  • Invasion by Sea Peoples 1200BCE,
  • Libya 950BCE and later Nubian reunification/Assimi
    lation
  • Phoenician Purple People influence Culture
    (Carthage 813BCE)
  • Kush invaded 777-750BCE, Pianky became ruler-
    Assimilated
  • 671 BC the Assyrian Empire invaded Egypt
  • End of Ancient Egypt
  • 605 BCE Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar invaded
  • 526 BCE Persians invaded and assume power
  • 404 Egypt regains independence
  • 338 Persia regains control
  • Alexander the Great Egypt 332 BCE Ptolemy
    Dynasty 323BCE
  • Romans after times of protection etc Octavian
    invades 30BCE

9
Kush Nubia
10
Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of
Economic systems
  • The Neolithic Revolution - 8000 to 3500 B.C.E.
  • Agricultural pastoral production
  • Horticulture (seed planting, science of plant
    cultivation)
  • Development of the Fertile Crescent
  • Animals began to be domesticated, Animals from
    12,000 B.C.E. dogs, sheep, goats, pigs
  • Sedentary agriculture (Year round farming) used
    to plow fields (slow development Revolution?)
  • Most believe it was caused by climatic shifts
  • Began the development of towns

11
The Spread of the Neolithic Revolution
  • Hunting-and-gathering persists
  • Pastoralism is animal husbandry
  • Some mobile Nomadic tribes
  • Search of fresh pasture and water
  • Crops Material
  • Sub-Saharan Africa root and tree crops
  • Northern China millet
  • Southeast Asia, to China, India, islands Rice
  • Mesoamerica, Peru Maize, manioc, sweet
    potatoes
  • 5,000 years later.
  • Bronze Age Copper Tin Bronze Brass

12
Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of
Economic systems
  • Trade Commerce- 3000-1700BCE Local trade,
    little contact with Egypt
  • All the city-states were economically
    independent, but local battles and war slowly
    unified them economically.
  • About the time of Hammurabi 1700s BCE the
    Babylonians started trading actively with many
    countries including Egypt.
  • Labor system- Slaves made up a big portion of the
    coordinated projects, unpleasant/dangerous work
  • Most people would work together on the irrigation
  • Occupations
  • Read and write Scribes, Bookkeepers, Priests
  • The start of craftsmanartisans - (not literate,
    but trained) metal, leather, pottery, jewelry,
    carpentry, masonry.

13
Development Interaction of Cultures
  • Religions
  • Mesopotamia Sacred text-2000BCE, (Oral since
    about 7000BCE),
  • Epic of Gilgamesh, Uruk
  • Pursuit of eternal life, but did not find it.
  • Egyptian Sacred text- The Book of the Dead
    funeral rites, and the after life, copy buried
    with body in the new Kingdom.
  • Key beliefs- Polytheistic, deities intervening in
    human affairs, each city had its own God, they
    worshiped their Gods because they were mighty,
  • Mesopotamia Sacred Place/structure Ziggurats
  • Amulets were found on remains- evil spirits,
    Evidence Religious festivals
  • Egyptian Sacred place Pyramids (Rock
    Blocks/slabs)
  • Was it Universal Ethnic?? Diffusion/spread,
    why? (clues?)

14
Development Interaction of Cultures
continued
  • Science/Technology-Mathematics (Units of 60, 10,
    6)
  • Mesopotamia far more advance in math than Egypt.
  • Architecture/Buildings- Ziggurats-(bricks)
  • Art- Cuneiform, Statues, paintings, Code of
    Hammurabi

15
Development transformation of social
structures Culture
  • Gender Roles and relations
  • Womens roles, status After Neolithic
    Revolution the distinction between the status of
    men women happened
  • Women lost economic power of Gathering
  • With Agriculture men slowly took over women's
    roles animals and plants
  • In Mesopotamia Egypt both were a patriarchal
    society.
  • But in Egypt women were in a higher status i.e..
    Goddesses of Creativity Marriage alliances

16
Development transformation of social
structures Culture
  • Mesopotamian Society, Elite/Non elites, 4
    categories
  • Nobles- King, his family, chief priest, high
    palace officials
  • Free Clients of the nobility- Laborers of the
    Nobility, worked the land, in return recd small
    plots of land. (Similar to later feudal system)
  • Commoners- Free citizens independent of nobility,
    but not the social status or political power,
    they owned land and were protected by laws.
  • Slaves/Ethnic classes- Slaves were usually
    captured foreigners/POWs, plus criminals, or
    paying debts.
  • Family kinship (Clans)-Lived in traditional
    family units.
  • Heavy penalties for adultery
  • Husband had absolute power

17
Development transformation of social
structures Culture Cont
  • Communication
  • Mesopotamian Language- Sumerian
  • Later Semite, bases of most Arab languages
  • Egyptian for Egypt
  • Hittites Indo-European
  • Mesopotamian Writing system- 3500BCE Cuneiform
  • Egyptian Writing Hieroglyphics-

18
Interactions between Humans and
environment
  • Migrations- Theory outward from Middle East from
    central Africasome local trade.
  • Settlement patterns along river valleys
  • Technology (impact on environment)-
  • Redirection of water through irrigation
  • Bricks for the Ziggurats
  • Limestone blocks for Pyramids
  • Both cultures into astrology
  • Settlements, villages
  • Slash and burn agriculture

19
Major Comparisons/Contrasts
  • Egypt and Mesopotamia
  • Nile and Euphrates/Tigris Rivers
  • Bronze Age (cooper tin) Mesopotamia 3000BCE /
    Egypt 1700BCE after being attacked by Hyksos
  • Iron Age happened about 1000BCE (More
    inter-relation)
  • Religions Polytheist
  • Economy very similar (stone cutter to Egypt)
  • Writing Hieroglyphs (Picture graphs) v.
    Cuneiform
  • Buildings Ziggurats vs. Pyramids
  • A Major Contrast
  • Their geographical location shaped very different
    political, economic, and cultural beliefs and
    practices. Egypt was isolated for much of its
    existence, while Mesopotamia was at a cross roads
    of population movements, and invasion

20
Overview of Mesopotamian Egypt
  • Continuity Change-over-Time- (C.C.O.T)
  • Continuities
  • Early regional cultural hearths
    diffusion/movement of material and non material
    culture
  • Irrigation based advanced, settled urban cultures
  • Conflict between settled and nomadic cultures
  • Slavery generally consequences of conquest,
    debts, or poverty.

21
C.C.O.T. continued.
  • Changes
  • Increased of people living in settled,
    agricultural, cultures
  • Increased population in advanced, urban cultures
  • Decline in status of women, increased patriarchy
    in agricultural based societies
  • Increased local and later regional trade routes
  • Rise and fall of empires
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