Soil suitability and management for Grapes production

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Soil suitability and management for Grapes
production
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Soil suitability and management for Grapes
production

• Soil suitability for grapes
• Grape, with a strong root system, can adapt to a
  wide range of soil from gravelly sands to clay
  loam and from shallow to deep with varying degree
  of success.
• The best suited soils are sandy loams that are
  well drained and fairly fertile with good amount
  of organic matter.
• Heavy clay and wet and low lying soils should be
  avoided. The grape is moderately tolerant to
  salinity and alkalinity.
• Excessive lime is harmful.

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Soil suitability and management for Grapes
production

• Vines tolerate moderate salt concentrations but
  presence of excess salts, especially sodium and
  free calcium is detrimental for growth.
• Electrical conductivity of soil extract should
  not be more than 4 mmhos/ cm and exchangeable
  sodium content should be less than 15 for
  successful viticulture.
• Free calcium concentration value exceeding 12
  results in severe iron deficiency to vines.

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Soil suitability and management for Grapes
production

• High proline content in leaves is attributed to
  survival of vine under low to moderate salt
  stress conditions.
• Exogenous application of proline or cytokinins
  in initial stages of growth reduces damage by
  salt stress.
• A number of rootstocks are identified to impart
  salt resistance to commercial grape varieties.
• They include Degrasset, Dogridge, Salt Creek,
  ARG No.1 and Vitis riparia. Degrasset and
  Dogridge are tolerant up to 6.8 and 6.5 dSm-1
  under sodium salinity respectively

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Soil suitability and management for Grapes
production

• Soil moisture content has influence on yield and
  quality of grapes.
• Moisture stress during first three weeks after
  anthesis has direct adverse effect on berry set
  and size, resulting in poor yield.
• Delayed maturity, poor colour development and
  reduced berry size are results of soil moisture
  stress during berry development period.
• Selective use of rootstocks contributes to
  successful cultivation in moisture stress soils.

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Soil suitability and management for Grapes
production

• Methods of soil management practices
• 1. Clean culture
• Involves regular ploughing and removal of weeds.
  Cultivation should be minimized by avoiding deep
  and frequent cultivation and also cultivation
  when the soil is too wet.
• To avoid loss of humus, nitrogen, soil erosion,
  formation of hard pan etc.,

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Soil suitability and management for grapes
production

• 2. Clean culture with cover crops
• Involves raising of a cover crop or green manure
  after removing the weeds.
• Green manure crops like Sunhemp, Cowpea,
  Daincha, Lupins etc. are more commonly used.
• 3. Mulching
• Crop residues like straw, cotton stalks, leaves,
  saw dust, pine needles, coir dust arid other
  materials like polythene films or certain special
  kinds of paper are spread in the tree basins and
  in inter spaces between trees.
• Main objective of mulching is to conserve soil
  moisture and to control the weed growth.

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Soil suitability and management for grapes
production

• 4. Sod
• In this method, permanent cover of grass is
  raised in the orchard and no tillage is given.
• 5. Sod mulch
• This is similar to sod with the only difference
  is that the vegetation is cut frequently and the
  cut material is allowed to remain on the ground.

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Soil suitability and management for grapes
production

• 6. Intercropping
• The practice of growing any economic crop in
  alley spaces of the plant or in the unoccupied
  spaces of the long duration crop in the early
  periods is referred as intercropping.
• 7. Mixed cropping
• It refers to the practice of growing certain
  perennial crops in the alley spaces of the main
  perennial crops. The main advantage is the
  effective utilization of available area and
  increase in the net income of the farm per unit
  area.

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Soil suitability and management for grapes
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• 8. Multitier system of cropping
• Intercropping and mixed cropping involve jointly
  multitier system of cropping and is defined as a
  compatible companion of crops having varying
  morphological frames and rooting habits, grown
  together in such a manner that their canopies
  intercept solar energy at varying heights and
  their roots forage the soil at different zones.
• The main principle here is that the land, water
  and sunlight should be effectively used.

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Assessment

• 1. --------- is the rootstock resistant to salt
  stress.
• Ans Dogridge
• 2.Clean culture involve ------- and ----------
• Regular ploughing and removal of weeds
• 3. Main objective of mulching is to conserve
  --------
• Soil moisture
• 4. growing any economic crop in alley spaces is
  known as ----------
• Inter cropping

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Reference

• Singh, S.P. 2000. Commercial fruits. Kalyani
  Publishers, Ludhiana.
• Kumar, N. 2000. Introduction to Horticulture.
  Rajalakshmi Publications, Nagarkovil, Tamil Nadu.
• Agritechtnau.ac.in

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