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Nuclear Radiation

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Title: Nuclear Radiation


1
Nuclear Radiation
http//www.alternate-energy-sources.com/nuclear-ra
diation.html
  • Amanda, Kartik, Adaobi,
  • Ifeoma, and Isabelle
  • Period 6
  • 11/14/07

2
Nuclear Radiation
  • Nuclear Radiation is ionizing radiation
    originating from the nucleus due to radioactive
    decay or nuclear reactions .

Isabelle
3
What is ?
Radioactivity
  • The spontaneous emission of particles and/or
    energy from atomic nuclei.
  • Radiation is measured in REMs.

Amanda
4
Radioactive Elements
  • Key radioactive element Radon- produced by
    decaying uranium it seeps through cracks of
    poorly ventilated buildings
  • All of the elements after and including
    84(Polonium) are radioactive.
  • Theyre radioactive because of a lack of balance
    between the numbers of neutrons and protons.
  • Some elements are only radioactive sometimes.
  • Those elements are Carbon, Potassium, Cadmium,
    and Bismuth.

Isabelle and Ifeoma
5
Nuclear Radiation and Materials
  • Nuclear Radiation can be both extremely
    beneficial and extremely dangerous. Nuclear
    materials substances that emit nuclear
    radiation are fairly common and have found their
    way into our normal vocabularies.
  • Radioactive materials are defined as any material
    which has specific activity greater then 0.002
    micro curies per gram. This definition does not
    specify quantity, only concentration.

Amanda
6
The History of Nuclear Radiation
  • It was discovered by Henri Becquerel.
  • He was experimenting with uranyl sulfate on
    photographic plates when he noticed that uranium
    crystals had formed.
  • About a week later the crystals began to emit
    clear and strong images on the photographs,
    without sunlight.
  • This meant that uranium could emit radiation
    without an external energy source...thus leading
    to the discovery of radioactivity.

Amanda
7
Types of Nuclear Radiation
  • Ionizing Radiation
  • Alpha particles-large and slow
  • Beta particles-Fast and produced in nuclear
    reactions aka positrons
  • Gamma-high energy causes radioactive emission
    small

Isabelle
8
Nuclear Decay
  • Alpha Decay
  • The emission of the alpha particle from the
    nucleus (Helium particle)
  • Beta Decay
  • The emission of the electron from the nucleus
    gives off light
  • Gamma Decay
  • emits gamma rays has
  • no effect on nucleus, no
  • atomic mass, or number

Ifeoma
http//molaire1.club.fr/e-rays.JPG
9
Half-Life
  • The half-life of an element is the amount of time
    it takes for half of the atoms in any given
    quantity of a radioactive isotope to decay.
  • Example Uranium 238 has a half-life of 4.5
    billion years. This means that in 4.5 billion
    years, half of the atoms of Uranium 238 will have
    decayed. In another 4.5 billion years, the half
    of remaining atoms will once again split in half.
  • A practical use of half-life is in modern
    medicine.

Ifeoma
10
Biological Effects
  • High doses of more than 100 Gy affect the central
    nervous system, resulting in loss of
    coordination, and breathing
  • Doses from 9 to 10 Gy damage the gastrointestinal
    tract, causing nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and
    dehydration
  • Lower doses from 3 to 9 Gy damage the bone
    marrow. This leads to loss of appetite and hair,
    hemorrhaging, inflammation, and secondary
    infections such as pneumonia.

Adaobi Agugo
11
Human Effects

- People at Work Fuel cycle Industrial
radiography Radiology departments (medical)
Radiation oncology departments Nuclear power
plants Nuclear medicine departments National
(government) and university research laboratories
-People in the Public (Man-Made) Tobacco
Televisions Medical x-rays
Smoke detectors Lantern mantles
Nuclear medicine Building materials
Adaobi Agugo
12
Adaobi Agugo
13
Geiger Counter
  • The Geiger counter first developed by Hans Geiger
    in 1908.
  • Geiger constructed the earliest form of his
    radiation counter in 1908.

Kartik J
14
Radiation Smoke Detector
  • George Darby first invented the radiation smoke
    detector 1902.

In the early days the smoke detector worked when
the heat of the room became overwhelming and
dangerous, the butter would melt, causing the two
circuits to collapse onto one another, initiating
the alarm.
Kartik J
15
How to measure Nuclear radiation
  • REM - Radiation Equivalent Man
  • RAD - Radiation Absorbed Dose (radiation that
    deposits energy at 1.00 x 10-2 J per kilogram)
  • Curie - radioactivity of radioactive material
  • 1 Curie 3.7 x 1010 disintegration/sec
  • Becquerel - 1 disintegration/second
  • Gray - 1 gy 100 rad
  • Sievert - 1 sv dose (rad) x quality factor

Isabelle and Ifeoma
16
Real Life Nuclear Radiation
  • Kosovo, Serbia- caused by left
  • over USSR nuclear projects from
  • the Cold War.
  • Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan-
  • caused by atomic bombs
  • dropped by the US in 1945 to
  • end WWII.
  • Australia- caused by nuclear
  • tests conducted in the 1950s.
  • Cherynobyl, Russia- caused
  • by nuclear meltdown.

Chernobyl, Russia
Isabelle
17
Interesting Facts
Location of worlds most abundant uranium reserves
  • 435 nuclear power plants generate electricity in
    30 countries in the world.
  • 4,000 cases of thyroid cancer were reported by
    children who drank milk from cows that consumed
    nuclear contaminated grass in Chernobyl.
  • Radiation can lead to light effects such as
    reddening of the skin, or grave effects, such as
    cancer or early death.
  • 80 of radiation comes from nature like soil or
    sunlight.

http//www.coolschool.ca/lor/PH11/unit9/U09L04.htm
Isabelle
18
Pictures
Kartik J
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