A skill tells you the purpose of the movement, E.g.

1
Introduction
A skill tells you the purpose of the movement,
E.g. passing.
A technique is the way of performing a skill,
E.g. push pass, hit or reverse pass. The
technique tells you how a pass was made.
In your jotter write down a skill from the
following activities and three different
techniques. Explain why you would use each
different technique.
2
Easy and Complex Skills
One of these skills is easier to perform.
A back flip is more difficult (complex) than
balancing on one leg (easy).
In all activities you will find easy and complex
skills.
In your jotter write down 5 different activities
and give an example of a complex and easy skill
from each activity.
Easy Skills Complex Skills Few judgements to
be made Many judgements Undemanding Dema
nding Little co-ordination needed Co-ordination
vital Simple movements Complicated
movements Easy environment (no opposition) Diffi
cult environment
3
Complex skills
Decision making and coordination are essential to
complex skills.
In your jotter write down an individual activity,
a skill or technique from that activity and
explain the importance of coordination in the
chosen skill/technique. An example has been
given for you.
Activity Gymnastics Skill/Technique
Cartwheel During the cartwheel the arms and legs
must be perfectly coordinated to achieve the
correct timing of hands touching the ground then
legs within the skill.
In your jotter write down a team activity, a
skill or technique from that activity and
Explain the importance of decision making in the
chosen skill/technique.
Activity Hockey Skill/Technique Reverse
Pass When using the reverse pass the player has
very little time to decide when and who to pass
to. Making decisions quickly is a trait of
skilful players.
4
Breaking Down Skills
A performance of a skill can be broken down into
3 parts. Preparation, Action and Recovery. E.g,
Preparation Toss the ball into the air, and
pull the racket back.
Action Lift up and throw the face of the
racket to make contact with the ball.
(Throwing action)
Recovery - Follow through in the direction you
wish the ball to travel
In your jotter select 4 different activities and
a skill/technique from each. Describe in detail
the preparation, action and recovery for each one.
5
Gradual Build Up
Gradual Build Up is a way of learning a skill
progressively bit by bit. Each part of the
skill is introduced and mastered before another
new part of the skill is introduced.
Gradual Build Up is used to learn new skills
which might be dangerous or too Complex for a
beginner. E.g.
Begin by attempting sitting dives from pool side.
Crouched dives from pool side.
Standing dives from pool side.
As technique improves divers may continue to
increase height.
In your jotter write down 2 more skills which you
may learn using gradual build up, for each skill
write down at least 3 stages of learning.
6
Whole-Part-Whole
Learning or developing skills using the
whole-part-whole method involves practising the
whole skill and then practice a part of it before
putting it back into the whole skill again.
Whole-part-whole is used to isolate and practice
parts of a skill which are proving difficult to
master, by breaking down the skill into parts it
can make it easier to master.
Activity Swimming Skill/Technique Backstroke
Practise the whole stroke
Using a float practise legs only
Swim the full stoke again, noting any improvement
In your jotter write down an activity and a
skill/technique. Describe the part of the skill
which you found difficult to master. Explain how
this affected the whole skill. Describe a
practice you used to improve the problem part.
7
Learning Skills
Skills can be learned and practised using
pressure dills, conditioned games, small sided
games and co-operative practice.
Pressure can break skills down in a game
situation. Practising under pressure will
benefit overall performance.
In your jotter select an activity, skill and
describe a pressure drill used to practise
the skill. You may use a diagram to explain.
Placing conditions on performers during practise
can help to improve skills in the overall game.
E.g. During a passing practise in Football
players are only allowed one touch.
In your jotter write down another example of a
conditioned practise/game. Explain how this will
effect the overall performance.
8
Learning Skills
In your jotter describe a practice where you
co-operated with others. Explain how this
practice helped your overall performance.
In your jotter give 3 reasons why small sided
games are used to practice skills.
Many practises allow performers to work on skills
and an aspect of fitness together. E.g.
A gymnast who spends 30 minutes practising the
splits, is simultaneously working on their
suppleness.
In your jotter write down another example using a
different activity, skill and aspect of fitness.
Give one reason why people practice skills and
an aspect of fitness simultaneously.
9
Internal/External Feedback
Feedback is information you receive on your
performance. There are 2 main types of feedback
INTERNAL and EXTERNAL.
Internal feedback is sometimes called
kinaesthetic. The feedback comes from within
the performer, this type lets the performer
feel the movements.
In your jotter chose an activity and a
skill/technique where you received internal
feedback. How did the feedback effect the rest
of the performance.
External feedback is feedback given from another.
There are 3 main types
Visual
Written
Verbal
In your jotter describe 3 occasions where you
have received the above feedback.
10
Feedback Demonstrations
Feedback can be useful when learning new
skills/techniques. Feedback should be given
directly after the performer completes the
skill/technique.
In your jotter explain why.
When giving feedback it is important that the
right amount is given to the performer. Too much
feedback is as unhelpful as too little.
In your jotter explain why.
Demonstrations can be given by the teacher, class
mate or a video. They allow you to see the
skill before you attempt it.
11
Automatic Skills
Golf players will practise the same shot many
times trying to make the shot automatic.
Once a skill is automatic the benefits are that
The performer does not need to think about what
needs to be done to execute the skill.
The success rate will be high.
The performer can concentrate on other things.
E.g. the next move.
In your jotter write down 2 problems which a
performer might face when practising a skill for
too long.
In your jotter write down 2 ways which this can
be avoided.
12
Centre of Gravity
The centre of gravity for a human is located
around the area of the naval. In many
activities performers need to be maintain a
static centre of gravity to remain stable. E.g.
Activity Gymnastics Skill - Handstand
In your jotter write down 3 different activities
and a skill from each where the performer must
maintain a static centre of gravity.
In other activities the centre of gravity is
dynamic (always Moving). E.g. Activity Ice
Skating Skill - Jumps
In your jotter write down 3 different activities
and a skill From each where the performer must
have a dynamic centre of gravity.
13
Centre of Gravity
Performers can make themselves more stable in 5
ways.
Explain why stability is needed in each of the
following activities.
The more you lean into an oncoming force the
more stable you will be.
The lower your centre of gravity the more stable
you will be.
The heavier you are the more stable you are.
The closer your COG is to the centre of your
base the more stable you will be.
The larger the area of your base the more
stable you will be
14
Transfer of Weight
Many activities involve a transfer of weight from
the back foot to the front. A transfer of
weight in this direction adds more force, speed
and distance into the movement. A long backward
motion and follow through increases this.
Basketball players will transfer weight from
their back foot to the front when they chest
pass. This transfer of weight adds speed to the
pass.
In your jotter select any activity and passing as
the skill, you may use Basketball. Explain in
detail why fast passing may be required in a game.
The striking and fielding games require a
transfer of weight from the back to front foot.
In your jotter, in detail explain why.
15
Transfer of Weight
In your jotter, describe in detail the transfer
of weight which occurs during this performance.
During a vault weight is transferred from the
feet to the hands and then back to the feet.
In your jotter write down another activity and
skill which has a similar transfer of weight.
In your jotter select a skill/technique from
this activity. Describe how improving the weight
transfer would improve the performance.
16
Levers - Equipment
Many activities require long or short levers.
One example of a long lever is
and one example of a short lever is
Long levers are used to gain speed and distance.
the longer the lever the greater the distance
and speed of the lever at the end.
Short levers are easier to control, and can be
used to teach skills to beginners.
Longer levers are more difficult to control.
In your jotter write down 2 examples of a long
lever and 2 examples of a short lever.
Select one example from each and describe how the
lever was used for effective performance.
17
Levers
Parts of the human body can be used to act as
long levers. E.g.
During a game of volleyball to serve and spike
the arm can be used as a lever. Straightening
the arm to make a long lever adds distance and
speed. When the ball is played with speed it is
difficult to return, players use this skill to
try and win points and the game.
In your jotter select another example of a skill
when a part of the body is used to make a long
lever.
Describe how you used this lever when performing
the skill.
Describe the actions you took to maintain control
when using the long lever.
18
Friction
In many activities friction can be an advantage,
E.g.
A footballer will wear studs to increase the
friction between his boots and the ground, this
will allow him to apply maximum force when
turning or running.
In your jotter write down 2 more examples of
friction helping performance.
In many activities friction can be a
disadvantage, E.g.
A speed skater will ensure that the blades of
their skates are as smooth and sharp as
possible. Friction occurring between ice and
skate will slow the competitor down.
In your jotter write down 2 more examples where
friction could be a disadvantage.
19
Resistance
Resistance is a force that slows down or opposes
another force. Both air and water create
resistance for athletes and competitors.
In your jotter select an activity where water is
a resistance and why.
In your jotter select an activity where wind/air
is a resistance and why.
Competitors try to gain vital second in races by
reducing air and water resistance. One way to do
this is by changing body shape. A STREAMLINED
body shape will encounter less resistance and
therefore travel faster.
In you jotter explain how a cyclist can
make their body shape more streamlined.
In your jotter explain how a swimmer can make
their body shape more streamlined.
20
Resistance
Changing shape during a rotation will alter the
speed of the skill.
In your jotter write down how this skill could be
performed faster.
As well as changing shape to reduce DRAG and
resistance, competitors will use other means to
cut down air and water resistance. E.g The
Helmet.
In your jotter write down 2 different pieces
of Equipment/clothing used by competitors to
reduce resistance.
21
Force
In many activities you use force to overcome
resistance. the sprinter uses the staring blocks
to push back against and travel forwards. If
the blocks slipped the sprinter could not apply
the same force .
In your jotter write down the activities below,
the direction of the force and the direction of
the movement.
In your jotter explain how resistance can be an
advantage in an activity by allowing a performer
to create a force.
22
Force
Force is used to overcome resistance. A swimmer
uses the force from their arms legs to overcome
the resistance of the water.
In your jotter write down another example of a
competitor who uses force to overcome a
resistance.